Phenol-Contaminated Water Treatment Using Clay Nano Particles in Continuous and Batch Process and Survey the Factors Affected

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

2 Faculty of Geo-Environmental Engineering, Amir Kabir University, Tehran, Iran

3 Faculty of Engineering, MehrAlborz University, Tehran, Iran

4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

Abstract

Phenols and their derivatives are aromatic compounds containing hydroxyl or sulfonic groups attached to a benzene ring structure. Even in low concentrations, phenols are hazardous pollutants posing a threat to living organisms. This study explored the removal of phenol utilizing nano clay modified with hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTAM) cations. The research was conducted in three phases. The first phase involved batch experiments to eliminate phenol from aqueous solutions. In the second phase, modified nano clay was applied in a continuous system for practical purposes, investigating the impact of varying clay concentration and weight in the adsorption column. The third phase focused on studying the performance of columns in series. The results from the initial phase indicated equilibrium between the solution and adsorbent after approximately one hour, a significant reduction compared to the unmodified nano clay. Increasing the initial concentration of phenol from 50 to 800 milligrams per liter led to enhanced adsorption capacity but decreased removal efficiency from 70% to 45%. Kinetic studies revealed a pseudo-second-order adsorption process; isotherm studies indicated adherence to both the Langmuir and Freundlich models, with greater conformity to the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption-separation model derived from the experiments suggested surface adsorption as the primary process at low concentrations, transitioning to dominant separation with increasing concentration. The second phase demonstrated the effective performance of modified clay in continuous processes, with higher flow rates resulting in reduced efficiency and adsorption capacity of phenol. Utilizing the modified clay in the adsorption column increased the phenol adsorption capacity and efficiency from 14.5% to 27%. Finally, employing two columns in series in the third phase boosted adsorption capacity from 37% to 50%.

Graphical Abstract

Phenol-Contaminated Water Treatment Using Clay Nano Particles in Continuous and Batch Process and Survey the Factors Affected

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1]          Zhang, Y., Cai, P., Cheng, G., & Zhang, Y. (2022). A Brief Review of Phenolic Compounds Identified from Plants: Their Extraction, Analysis, and Biological Activity. Natural Product Communications, 17(1), 1934578X2110697.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X211069721
[2]          Nabavi, E., Sabour, M., & Dezvareh, G. A. (2022). Ozone treatment and adsorption with granular activated carbon for the removal of organic compounds from agricultural soil leachates. Journal of Cleaner Production, 335, 130312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130312
[3]          Pizani, R. S., Viganó, J., de Souza Mesquita, L. M., Contieri, L. S., Sanches, V. L., Chaves, J. O., Souza, M. C., da Silva, L. C., & Rostagno, M. A. (2022). Beyond aroma: A review on advanced extraction processes from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and sage (Salvia officinalis) to produce phenolic acids and diterpenes. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 127, 245–262.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.07.001
[4]          Kisiriko, M., Anastasiadi, M., Terry, L. A., Yasri, A., Beale, M. H., & Ward, J. L. (2021). Phenolics from Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Characterisation and Potential as Biostimulants and Bioprotectants. Molecules, 26(21), 6343.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216343
[5]          Mohd, A. (2022). Presence of phenol in wastewater effluent and its removal: an overview. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 102(6), 1362–1384.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1738412
[6]          Ali-Begloui, M., Salehghamari, E., Sadrai, S., Ebrahimi, M., Amoozegar, M. A., & Salehi-Najafabadi, A. (2020). Biotransformation of Trinitrotoluene (TNT) by Newly Isolated Slight Halophilic Bacteria. Microbiology, 89(5), 616–625.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026261720050033
[7]          Wu, P., Zhang, Z., Luo, Y., Bai, Y., & Fan, J. (2022). Bioremediation of phenolic pollutants by algae - current status and challenges. Bioresource Technology, 350, 126930.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126930
[8]          Singh, S., Bharadwaj, T., Verma, D., & Dutta, K. (2022). Valorization of phenol contaminated wastewater for lipid production by Rhodosporidium toruloides 9564T. Chemosphere, 308, 136269.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136269
[9]          Othmani, A., Magdouli, S., Senthil Kumar, P., Kapoor, A., Chellam, P. V., & Gökkuş, Ö. (2022). Agricultural waste materials for adsorptive removal of phenols, chromium (VI) and cadmium (II) from wastewater: A review. Environmental Research, 204, 111916.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111916
[10]        Pratyusha, S. (2022). Phenolic Compounds in the Plant Development and Defense: An Overview.
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102873
[11]        Mohamad Said, K. A., Ismail, A. F., Abdul Karim, Z., Abdullah, M. S., & Hafeez, A. (2021). A review of technologies for the phenolic compounds recovery and phenol removal from wastewater. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 151, 257–289.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.05.015
[12]        Panigrahy, N., Priyadarshini, A., Sahoo, M. M., Verma, A. K., Daverey, A., & Sahoo, N. K. (2022). A comprehensive review on eco-toxicity and biodegradation of phenolics: Recent progress and future outlook. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 27, 102423.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2022.102423
[13]        Sun, J., Mu, Q., Kimura, H., Murugadoss, V., He, M., Du, W., & Hou, C. (2022). Oxidative degradation of phenols and substituted phenols in the water and atmosphere: a review. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, 5(2), 627–640.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-022-00435-0
[14]        Ramos, R. L., Moreira, V. R., Lebron, Y. A. R., Santos, A. V., Santos, L. V. S., & Amaral, M. C. S. (2021). Phenolic compounds seasonal occurrence and risk assessment in surface and treated waters in Minas Gerais—Brazil. Environmental Pollution, 268, 115782.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115782
[15]        Candan Eryılmaz, & Ayten Genç. (2021). Review of Treatment Technologies for the Removal of Phenol from Wastewaters. Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology, 43(2), 145–154.
https://doi.org/10.3103/S1063455X21020065
[16]        Dezvareh, G. A., Nabavi, E., & Khodadadi Darban, A. (2022). Study of Different Microbial Corrosion Mechanisms in Sewer Pipes Network Made by Sulfur Concrete with focus on Strength and Durability Analysis. Environmental Energy and Economic Research, 6(4), 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.22097/eeer.2022.344846.1255
[17]        Adjei, J. K., Ofori, A., Megbenu, H. K., Ahenguah, T., Boateng, A. K., Adjei, G. A., Bentum, J. K., & Essumang, D. K. (2021). Health risk and source assessment of semi-volatile phenols, p-chloroaniline and plasticizers in plastic packaged (sachet) drinking water. Science of The Total Environment, 797, 149008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149008
[18]        Shamskilani, M., Niavol, K. P., Nabavi, E., Mehrnia, M. R., & Sharafi, A. H. (2023). Removal of Emerging Contaminants in a Membrane Bioreactor Coupled with Ozonation: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 234(5), 304.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06319-3
[19]        Yang, Y., Zhang, P., Hu, K., Zhou, P., Wang, Y., Asif, A. H., Duan, X., Sun, H., & Wang, S. (2022). Crystallinity and valence states of manganese oxides in Fenton-like polymerization of phenolic pollutants for carbon recycling against degradation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 315, 121593.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121593
[20]        Nabavi, E., Pourrostami Niavol, K., Dezvareh, G. A., & Khodadadi Darban, A. (2023). A combined treatment system of O3/UV oxidation and activated carbon adsorption: emerging contaminants in hospital wastewater. Journal of Water and Health, 21(4), 463–490.
https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2023.213
[21]        Nabavi, E., Sabour, M., & Dezvareh, G. A. (2021). Selection of the best leachate treatment method for the waste of leek fields using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Advances in Environmental Technology, 7(3), 153–170.
https://doi.org/10.22104/aet.2021.4967.1339
[22]        Dezvareh, G. A., Nabavi, E., Shamskilani, M., & Darban, A. K. (2023). Water Salinity Reduction Using the Phytoremediation Method by Three Plant Species and Analyzing Their Behavior. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 234(2), 90.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06124-y
[23]        Liu, T.-Y., Wang, C., Han, Y.-Z., Bai, C., Ren, H.-T., Liu, Y., & Han, X. (2022). Oxidative polymerization of bisphenol A (BPA) via H-abstraction by Bi2.15WO6 and persulfate: Importance of the surface complexes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 435, 134816.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.134816
[24]        Nabavi, E., Sabour, M., Dezvareh, G. A., & Ehteshami, M. (2023). Highly cited articles about organic leachate treatment by Fenton method in 21st century: a bibliometric and visualised analysis. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 19(3), 266–284.
https://doi.org/10.1504/WRSTSD.2023.131930
[25]        Stefanakis, A. I., Seeger, E., Dorer, C., Sinke, A., & Thullner, M. (2016). Performance of pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating groundwater contaminated with phenols and petroleum derivatives. Ecological Engineering, 95, 514–526.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.06.105
[26]        Awasthi, A., Jadhao, P., & Kumari, K. (2019). Clay nano-adsorbent: structures, applications and mechanism for water treatment. SN Applied Sciences, 1(9), 1076.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0858-9
[27]        Nabavi, E., Shamskilani, M., Dezvareh, G. A., & Darban, A. K. (2023). ANN-Based Modeling of Combined O3/H2O2 Oxidation, and Activated Carbon Adsorption Treatment System: Forest Polluting Site Leachate. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 234(2), 86.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06099-w
[28]        Li, C., Zhu, N., Yang, S., He, X., Zheng, S., Sun, Z., & Dionysiou, D. D. (2021). A review of clay based photocatalysts: Role of phyllosilicate mineral in interfacial assembly, microstructure control and performance regulation. Chemosphere, 273, 129723.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129723
[29]        Barakan, S., & Aghazadeh, V. (2021). The advantages of clay mineral modification methods for enhancing adsorption efficiency in wastewater treatment: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(3), 2572–2599.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10985-9
[30]        Alibaglouei, M., Trutschel, L. R., Rowe, A. R., & Sackett, J. D. (2023). Complete genome sequence of Halomonas sp. strain M1, a thiosulfate-oxidizing bacterium isolated from a hyperalkaline serpentinizing system, Ney Springs. Microbiology Resource Announcements, 12(11).
https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00508-23
[31]        Sarkar, B., Rusmin, R., Ugochukwu, U. C., Mukhopadhyay, R., & Manjaiah, K. M. (2019). Modified clay minerals for environmental applications. In Modified Clay and Zeolite Nanocomposite Materials (pp. 113–127). Elsevier.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814617-0.00003-7
[32]        Kolesnichenko, P. V., Eriksson, A., Lindh, L., Zigmantas, D., & Uhlig, J. (2023). Viking Spectrophotometer: A Home-Built, Simple, and Cost-Efficient Absorption and Fluorescence Spectrophotometer for Education in Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 100(3), 1128–1137.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00679
[33]        Zollinger, H. (2003). Color chemistry: syntheses, properties, and applications of organic dyes and pigments. John Wiley & Sons.
[34]        Crittenden, J. C., Trussell, R. R., Hand, D. W., Howe, K. J., & Tchobanoglous, G. (2012). MWH’s water treatment: principles and design. John Wiley & Sons.
[35]        Han, R., Zou, W., Li, H., Li, Y., & Shi, J. (2006). Copper(II) and lead(II) removal from aqueous solution in fixed-bed columns by manganese oxide coated zeolite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137(2), 934–942.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.016
[36]        Banat, F. A., Al-Bashir, B., Al-Asheh, S., & Hayajneh, O. (2000). Adsorption of phenol by bentonite. Environmental Pollution, 107(3), 391–398.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00173-6
[37]        Fukushima, Y. (2005). Organic/Inorganic Interactions in Polymer/Clay Mineral Hybrids. Clay Science, 12(Supplement1), 79–82.
https://doi.org/10.11362/jcssjclayscience1960.12.Supplement1_79
[38]        Nethaji, S., Sivasamy, A., Thennarasu, G., & Saravanan, S. (2010). Adsorption of Malachite Green dye onto activated carbon derived from Borassus aethiopum flower biomass. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181(1–3), 271–280.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.008
[39]        Chen, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, C., Yue, Q., Li, Y., & Li, C. (2010). Equilibrium and kinetic studies of methyl orange and methyl violet adsorption on activated carbon derived from Phragmites australis. Desalination, 252(1–3), 149–156.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.10.010
[40]        Xu, X., Gao, B.-Y., Yue, Q.-Y., & Zhong, Q.-Q. (2010). Preparation and utilization of wheat straw bearing amine groups for the sorption of acid and reactive dyes from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 182(1–3), 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.071
 
Advances in Environmental Technology
Volume 10, Issue 3
August 2024
Pages 202-217

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 26 October 2023
  • Revise Date: 10 May 2024
  • Accept Date: 14 June 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics