With a focus on naturalistic methods to problem-solving, many systems and management techniques that promote high levels of water purity, energy savings, and food security are essential to the expanding green economy. Constructed wetlands are an affordable, dependable, and sustainable substitute for traditional wastewater treatment plants. In this study a two-stage experimental design was used to establish a hybrid constructed wetland system on a laboratory scale. The vertical flow (VF) constructed wetland was followed by a horizontal flow (HF) constructed wetland. The surface area of the second stage horizontal flow constructed wetland reactor was 2025 cm² whereas the first stage vertical flow constructed wetland reactor was 1963.49 cm². The hydraulic loading rate a crucial factor in the design of two-stage hybrid built wetlands was the main focus of the study which assessed the effectiveness of these systems. The treatment processes were analyzed using empirical kinetic models, which included two first-order kinetic models (p-k-C and p-k-C* for stage two and k–C and k–C* for stage one). The process operating at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.55 m/day had a beneficial effect on the mass removal rate for both stages. The mass loading rate and mass removal rate were found to have a favorable relation for pollutants such as total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. The design and functionality of two-stage hybrid built wetlands can be improved with the help of this research, leading to more effective wastewater treatment methods.
Singh, K. Kumar and Vaishya, R. Chandra (2026). Application of First-Order Kinetic Modelling of Municipal Wastewater Treatment at Two Stage Hybrid Constructed Wetland. Advances in Environmental Technology, (), -. doi: 10.22104/aet.2026.7176.1974
MLA
Singh, K. Kumar, and Vaishya, R. Chandra. "Application of First-Order Kinetic Modelling of Municipal Wastewater Treatment at Two Stage Hybrid Constructed Wetland", Advances in Environmental Technology, , , 2026, -. doi: 10.22104/aet.2026.7176.1974
HARVARD
Singh, K. Kumar, Vaishya, R. Chandra (2026). 'Application of First-Order Kinetic Modelling of Municipal Wastewater Treatment at Two Stage Hybrid Constructed Wetland', Advances in Environmental Technology, (), pp. -. doi: 10.22104/aet.2026.7176.1974
CHICAGO
K. Kumar Singh and R. Chandra Vaishya, "Application of First-Order Kinetic Modelling of Municipal Wastewater Treatment at Two Stage Hybrid Constructed Wetland," Advances in Environmental Technology, (2026): -, doi: 10.22104/aet.2026.7176.1974
VANCOUVER
Singh, K. Kumar, Vaishya, R. Chandra Application of First-Order Kinetic Modelling of Municipal Wastewater Treatment at Two Stage Hybrid Constructed Wetland. Advances in Environmental Technology, 2026; (): -. doi: 10.22104/aet.2026.7176.1974
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