Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology Advances in Environmental Technology 2476-6674 12 2 2026 04 01 Synergistic Effects of Antibiotics and Nanoplastics in Wastewater: A Growing Challenge in Aquatic Ecosystem, Biodiversity and Human Health Protection 174 197 1655 10.22104/aet.2026.7923.2218 EN Sylvester Chibueze IZAH Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa 560221, Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa 560221, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Matthew Chidozie OGWU Goodnight Family Department of Sustainable Development, Appalachian State University, 212 Living Learning Center, 305 Bodenheimer Drive, Boone, NC 28608, USA Esther Ugo Alum Department of Research and Publications, Kampala International University, P. O. Box 20000, Kampala Uganda Journal Article 2025 10 07 The pervasive presence of nanoplastics and antibiotics in wastewater systems presents a dual threat to environmental and public health. Nanoplastics, with particle sizes under 1 μm, have become a major environmental contaminant, primarily due to their durability and potential to absorb harmful chemicals. These particles not only threaten aquatic ecosystems by disrupting microbial communities and harming marine life but also pose risks to human health through bioaccumulation in the food chain. Similarly, antibiotics frequently found in wastewater promote the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, further endangering ecological stability and human health. The synergistic effects of nanoplastics and antibiotics exacerbate their impacts, particularly by increasing the bioavailability and toxicity of contaminants in aquatic systems. This paper explores the sources, transport pathways, and combined ecological and health impacts of these pollutants. Additionally, it discusses the limitations of current wastewater treatment technologies in mitigating the effects of nanoplastics and antibiotics and proposes advanced strategies for reducing their environmental footprint. Addressing these contaminants requires a multifaceted approach, integrating technological, regulatory, and community-based solutions to safeguard the ecosystem, biodiversity, and human health. https://aet.irost.ir/article_1655_3095c7294b575e3c92ca6c843607e25e.pdf