ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A comparative study of the effect of compost/woodchips mixture, natural zeolite and zeolite/activated carbon mixture as packing materials on the biofilter performance
The removal of formaldehyde from contaminated air was investigated via three laboratory-scale biofilters packed with different materials: a mixture of compost and woodchips (І), the natural clinoptilolite zeolite particles in the original form (II), and the mixture of zeolite/activated carbon (III). The biofilters were inoculated using aerobic sludge. The average removal efficiencies of 97.5%, 90%, and 93.5% were obtained at a 100 s empty bed residence time (EBRT) and 20 mg/m3 inlet concentration of formaldehyde for the biofilter of configurations І, II, and III, respectively. Also, the performance of the reactors was investigated at different EBRTs of 20, 30, 60, and 100 s, and the maximum elimination capacity of 2840 mg/m3.h was achieved at the lowest EBRT (20 s) for the biofilter of configuration II. Increasing the inlet formaldehyde concentration from 20 mg/m3 to 80 mg/m3 led to the maximum formaldehyde removal efficiency of 82% for the biofilter of configuration III. Therefore, a comparison of the results of the biofilters' performances showed that the biofilter of configuration III had the best performance, which was validated by obtaining a higher mass transfer coefficient. However, the biofilter of configurations II and III achieved steady-state conditions in a shorter time.
https://aet.irost.ir/article_898_c3bc48f597ce2816305ac511676d567f.pdf
2019-04-01
67
75
10.22104/aet.2020.3973.1198
Biofilter
Biodegradation
Formaldehyde
Packing materials
Contaminated air
elham
narooei
elham.narooei@gmail.com
1
Chemical Engineering Department, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Davod
Mohebbi-Kalhori
davoodmk@eng.usb.ac.ir
2
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdolreza
Samimi
a.samimi@eng.usb.ac.ir
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mortaza
Zivdar
mortaza@hamoon.usb.ac.ir
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Prado, O. J., Veiga, M. C., Kennes, C. (2006). Effect of key parameters on the removal of formaldehyde and methanol in gas-phase biotrickling filters. Journal of hazardous materials, 138(3), 543-548.
1
[2] Fulazzaky, M. A., Talaiekhozani, A., Hadibarata, T. (2013). Calculation of optimal gas retention time using a logarithmic equation applied to a bio-trickling filter reactor for formaldehyde removal from synthetic contaminated air. RSC advances, 3(15), 5100-5107.
2
[3] Lu, N., Pei, J., Zhao, Y., Qi, R., Liu, J. (2012). Performance of a biological degradation method for indoor formaldehyde removal. Building and environment, 57, 253-258.
3
[4] Xu, Z., Hou, H. (2010). Formaldehyde removal from air by a biodegradation system. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 85(1), 28-31.
4
[5] Hajizadeh, Y., Rezaei, M. (2014). Biodegradation of formaldehyde from contaminated air using a laboratory scale static-bed bioreactor. International journal of environmental health engineering, 3(1), 4.
5
[6] Prado, Ó. J., Veiga, M. C., Kennes, C. (2004). Biofiltration of waste gases containing a mixture of formaldehyde and methanol. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 65(2), 235-242.
6
[7] Rezaei, M., Fazlzadehdavil, M., Hajizadeh, Y. (2015). Formaldehyde removal from airstreams using a biofilter with a mixture of compost and woodchips medium. Water, air, and soil pollution, 226(1), 22-42.
7
[8] Lim, K. H., Park, S. W., Lee, E. J., Hong, S. H. (2005). Treatment of mixed solvent vapors with hybrid system composed of biofilter and photo-catalytic reactor. Korean journal of chemical engineering, 22(1), 70-79.
8
[9] Palanisamy, K., Mezgebe, B., Sorial, G. A., Sahle-Demessie, E. (2016). Biofiltration of chloroform in a trickle bed air biofilter under acidic conditions. Water, air, and soil pollution, 227(12), 478.
9
[10] Cox, H. H. J., Moerman, R. E., Van Baalen, S., Van Heiningen, W. N. M., Doddema, H. J., Harder, W. (1997). Performance of a styrene‐degrading biofilter containing the yeast Exophiala jeanselmei. Biotechnology and bioengineering, 53(3), 259-266.
10
[11] Yang, Y., Allen, E. R. (1994). Biofiltration control of hydrogen sulfide 1. Design and operational parameters. Air and waste, 44(7), 863-868.
11
[12] Ebrahimi, S., Borghei, M. (2011). Formaldehyde biodegradation using an immobilized bed aerobic bioreactor with pumice stone as a support. Scientia Iranica, 18(6), 1372-1376.
12
[13] Jamshidi, A., Hajizadeh, Y., Amin, M.M., Kiani, G., Haidari, R., Falahi‐Nejad, K., Parseh, I. (2018). Biofiltration of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein from polluted airstreams using a biofilter. Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology, 93(5), 1328-1337.
13
[14] Prado, O., Veiga, M., Kennes, C. (2008). Removal of formaldehyde, methanol, dimethylether and carbon monoxide from waste gases of synthetic resin-producing industries. Chemosphere, 70(8), 1357-1365.
14
[15] Cho, K.-S., Ryu, H.W., Lee, N.Y. (2000). Biological deodorization of hydrogen sulfide using porous lava as a carrier of Thiobacillus thiooxidans. Journal of bioscience and bioengineering, 90(1), 25-31.
15
[16] Mudliar, S., Giri, B., Padoley, K., Satpute, D., Dixit, R., Bhatt, P., Pandey, R., Juwarkar, A., Vaidya, A. (2010). Bioreactors for treatment of VOCs and odours–a review. Journal of environmental management, 91(5), 1039-1054.
16
[17] Dobslaw, D., Schoeller, J., Krivak, D., Helbich, S., Engesser, K.-H. (2019). Performance of different biological waste air purification processes in treatment of a waste gas mix containing tert-butyl alcohol and acetone: A comparative study. Chemical engineering journal, 355, 572-585.
17
[18] Fu, Y., Shao, L., Tong, L., Liu, H. (2011). Ethylene removal efficiency and bacterial community diversity of a natural zeolite biofilter. Bioresource technology, 102(2), 576-584.
18
[19] Aizpuru, A., Malhautier, L., Roux, J., Fanlo, J. (2003). Biofiltration of a mixture of volatile organic compounds on granular activated carbon. Biotechnology and bioengineering, 83(4), 479-488.
19
[20] Khammar, N., Malhautier, L., Degrange, V., Lensi, R., Fanlo, J.-L. (2004). Evaluation of dispersion methods for enumeration of microorganisms from peat and activated carbon biofilters treating volatile organic compounds. Chemosphere, 54(3), 243-254.
20
[21] Ondarts, M., Hort, C., Sochard, S., Platel, V., Moynault, L., Seby, F. (2012). Evaluation of compost and a mixture of compost and activated carbon as biofilter media for the treatment of indoor air pollution. Environmental technology, 33(3), 273-284.
21
[22] Feng, Y., Yu, Y., Qiu, L., Yang, Y., Li, Z., Li, M., Fan, L., Guo, Y. (2015). Impact of sorption functional media (SFM) from zeolite tailings on the removal of ammonia nitrogen in a biological aerated filter. Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, 21, 704-710.
22
[23] von Eckstaedt, S.V., Charles, W., Ho, G., Cord-Ruwisch, R. (2016). Novel process of bio-chemical ammonia removal from air streams using a water reflux system and zeolite as filter media. Chemosphere, 144, 257-263.
23
[24] Zagorskis, A.,Baltrenas, P. (2010). Air treatment efficiency of biofilter with adsorbing zeolite layer. Ekologija, 56(1-2), 72-78.
24
[25] Ferdowsi, M., Ramirez, A.A., Jones, J.P., Heitz, M. (2017). Elimination of mass transfer and kinetic limited organic pollutants in biofilters: A review. International biodeterioration and biodegradation, 119, 336-348.
25
[26] Talaiekhozani, A., Talaie, M.R., Fulazzaky, M.A. (2016). Evaluation of formaldehyde removal from contaminated air by using a biotrickling filter reactor in a continuous condition. Journal of air pollution and health, 1(2), 69-76.
26
[27] Hu, Q.-y.,Wang, C. (2015). Interaction of gaseous aromatic and aliphatic compounds in thermophilic biofilters. Journal of hazardous materials, 300, 210-217.
27
[28] Wang, C., Kong, X., Zhang, X.-Y. (2012). Mesophilic and thermophilic biofiltration of gaseous toluene in a long-term operation: performance evaluation, biomass accumulation, mass balance analysis and isolation identification. Journal of hazardous materials, 229, 94-99.
28
[29] Chen, H., Yang, C., Zeng, G., Luo, S., Yu, G. (2012). Tubular biofilter for toluene removal under various organic loading rates and gas empty bed residence times. Bioresource technology, 121, 199-204.
29
[30] Hajizadeh, Y., Amin, M.-M., Ebrahim, K., Parseh, I. (2018). Biodeterioration of 1, 1-dimethylhydrazine from air stream using a biofilter packed with compost-scoria-sugarcane bagasse. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9(1), 37-46.
30
[31] Chou, M.,Li, S. (2009). Treatment VOC mixtures in air streams by a biofilter packed with fern chips. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Management, 19(4), 203-211.
31
[32] Keyser, M., Conradie, M., Coertzen, M., Van Dyk, J. (2006). Effect of coal particle size distribution on packed bed pressure drop and gas flow distribution. Fuel, 85(10-11), 1439-1445.
32
[33] Cho, K.-S., Hirai, M., Shoda, M. (1992). Enhanced removal efficiency of malodorous gases in a pilot-scale peat biofilter inoculated with Thiobacillus thioparus DW44. Journal of fermentation and bioengineering, 73(1), 46-50.
33
[34] Chung, Y. C., Huang, C., Tseng, C. P. (1996). Operation optimization of Thiobacillus thioparus CH11 biofilter for hydrogen sulfide removal. Journal of biotechnology, 52(1), 31-38.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Providing a practical Model of the Waste Management Master Plan with Emphasis on Public Participation “Using the SWOT method and the QSPM matrix and the FAHP method”
The purpose of this study was to present a practical model of strategic waste management via two Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats (SWOT) models and hierarchical analysis. In this regard, the strengths and weaknesses of the present situation and the factors affecting waste management in Tehran were investigated. In this study, the importance of public participation in waste management was investigated by means of the Delphi method and the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). Based on the results of the SWOT analysis, a team of experts identified the internal and external factors and rated the primary factors; each factor was weighted, then according to their scores, the proposed waste management framework was developed. Finally, the strategies were quantitatively prioritized by the planning matrix. Then, using the analysis method, the hierarchy was used in this study as a SWOT supplement. The results of two questionnaires designed in this study identified the socio-economic, educational, cultural, and political factors as first to fourth, respectively. The most viable strategies, which were selected based on the analysis, include the potential use of social networks to encourage society to reduce waste and to promote the separation of waste as well as compliance with the proposed comprehensive waste management program; another choice strategy was providing economic incentives to maximize social participation in reducing waste production waste sorting.
https://aet.irost.ir/article_909_1beeeee1b8e3cc46d467db8056ffa748.pdf
2019-04-01
77
96
10.22104/aet.2020.3990.1200
Waste Management Master Plan
SWOT
QSPM
FAHP
Farhad
Afshar
afshar591@gmail.com
1
Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Madjid
Abbaspour
abbpor@sharif.edu
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran
AUTHOR
Akramolmolok
Lahijanian
lahijanian@hotmail.com
3
Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Management ,Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Aydın, C. İ. (2019). Identifying Ecological Distribution Conflicts Around the Inter-regional Flow of Energy in Turkey: A Mapping Exercise. Frontiers in energy research, 7, 33.
1
[2] Ekinci, M., Kul, R., Turan, M., Yildirim, E. (2019). Effects of humic acid applications on mineral content of garden cress roots under heavy metal stress. International conference on food, agriculture and animal sciences 2019, 239.
2
[3] Demirel, N., Zengin, M., Ulman, A. (2020). First Large-Scale Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea Stock Assessment Reveals a Dramatic Decline. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 103,
3
[4] Kraft, M. E. (2017). Environmental policy and politics. Taylor and Francis.
4
[5] Jackson, G. (2018). Consumer electronic waste: Multiple-case study of environmental and social attitudes towards recycling and refurbishment (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University).
5
[6] Mmereki, D., Baldwin, A., Li, B., Liu, M. (2017). Healthcare waste management in Botswana: storage, collection, treatment and disposal system. Journal of material cycles and waste management, 19(1), 351-365.
6
[7] Boechat, C. L., de Santana Arauco, A. M., Duda, R. M., de Sena, A. F. S., de Souza, M. E. L., Brito, A. C. C. (2017). Solid waste in agricultural soils: an approach based on environmental principles, human health, and food security. Solid waste management in rural areas, 81.
7
[8] Dutta, T., Kim, K. H., Deep, A., Szulejko, J. E., Vellingiri, K., Kumar, S., Yun, S. T. (2018). Recovery of nanomaterials from battery and electronic wastes: A new paradigm of environmental waste management. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 82, 3694-3704.
8
[9] Asibey, M. O., Amponsah, O., Yeboah, V. (2019). Solid waste management in informal urban neighbourhoods. Occupational safety and health practices among tricycle operators in Kumasi, Ghana. International journal of environmental health research, 29(6), 702-717.
9
[10] Alavi, N., Geravandi, S., Sadri Delik, M., Mohammadi, M. J. (2017). Minimization of Medical Waste in Health Care Centers of Dehdasht, Iran 2012-2013. Occupational and environmental health, 3(2), 137-146 (in Persian).
10
[11] Abbasi, M., Kamalan, H. R. (2018). Waste management planning in Amirkabir petrochemical complex. Environmental energy and economic Research, 2(1), 63-74.
11
[12] Vahidi, H., Nematollahi, H., Padash, A., Sadeghi, B., RiyaziNejad, M. (2017). Comparison of rural solid waste management in two central provinces of Iran. Environmental energy and economic research, 1(2), 195-206.
12
[13] Vahidi, H., Rastikerdar, A. (2018). Evaluation of the life cycle of household waste management scenarios in moderate Iranian cities; case study Sirjan city. Environmental energy and economic research, 2(2), 111-121.
13
[14] Rodić, L., Wilson, D. C. (2017). Resolving governance issues to achieve priority sustainable development goals related to solid waste management in developing countries. Sustainability, 9(3), 404.
14
[15] Adeniran, A. E., Nubi, A. T., Adelopo, A. O. (2017). Solid waste generation and characterization in the University of Lagos for a sustainable waste management. Waste management, 67, 3-10.
15
[16] Liu, K. M., Lin, S. H., Hsieh, J. C., Tzeng, G. H. (2018). Improving the food waste composting facilities site selection for sustainable development using a hybrid modified MADM model. Waste management, 75, 44-59.
16
[17] Pujara, Y., Pathak, P., Sharma, A., Govani, J. (2019). Review on Indian municipal solid waste management practices for reduction of environmental impacts to achieve sustainable development goals. Journal of environmental management, 248, 109238.
17
[18] Shukla, V., Kumar, N. (Eds.). (2019). Environmental concerns and sustainable Development: Volume 2: Biodiversity, soil and waste management. Springer.
18
[19] Padash, A., Khodaparast, M., Zahirian, A., Nejadian, A. K. (2011, November). Green sustainable island by implementation of environmental; health; safety and energy strategy in KISH trading-Industrial free zones-IRAN. In world renewable energy congress-Sweden; 8-13 May; 2011; Linköping; Sweden (No. 057, pp. 3034-3041). Linköping university electronic press.
19
[20] Vitunskaite, M., He, Y., Brandstetter, T., Janicke, H. (2019). Smart cities and cyber security: Are we there yet? A comparative study on the role of standards, third party risk management and security ownership. Computers and security, 83, 313-331.
20
[21] Kattoua, M. G., Al-Khatib, I. A., Kontogianni, S. (2019). Barriers on the propagation of household solid waste recycling practices in developing countries: State of Palestine example. Journal of material cycles and waste management, 21(4), 774-785
21
[22] Rai, R. K., Nepal, M., Khadayat, M. S., Bhardwaj, B. (2019). Improving municipal solid waste collection services in developing countries: a case of Bharatpur Metropolitan city, Nepal. Sustainability, 11(11), 3010.
22
[23] Johns, R. A., Pontes, R. (2019). Environmental education in India: Constructing environmental citizens through narratives of optimism. Education research highlights in mathematics, science and technology 2019, 163.
23
[24] Bulatović, J., & Rajović, G. (2018). Environmental awareness population in city municipality of Zvezdara (Belgrade)–for the sustainable Zvezdarske forest. World news of natural sciences, 16, 1-17.
24
[25] Nami, M. (2013). M.Sc., Explaining the effective factors of citizen participation on optimal management of municipal waste (Case study: district 2, district 17 of Tehran municipality).
25
[26] World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Safe management of wastes from health-care activities: a summary (No. WHO.FWC.WSH.17.05). World Health Organization
26
[27] Kim, K. H., Kabir, E., Kabir, S. (2015). A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter. Environment international, 74, 136-143.
27
[28] Whitmee, S., Haines, A., Beyrer, C., Boltz, F., Capon, A. G., de Souza Dias, B. F., Horton, R. (2015). Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: Report of the Rockefeller foundation–lancet commission on planetary health. The Lancet, 386(10007), 1973-2028.
28
[29] Padash, A., Jozi, S. A., Nabavi, S. M. B., Dehzad, B. (2016). Stepwise strategic environmental management in marine protected area. Global journal of environmental science and management, 2(1), 49-60.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Developing a multi-criteria decision support system based on fuzzy analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method for selection of appropriate high-strength wastewater treatment plant
The selection of an optimum treatment process for high-strength wastewater is complicated. Familiarity with wastewater treatment methods is not enough to design a plant and requires a multidisciplinary knowledge base. In this research, five alternative wastewater treatment methods for high-strength wastewater were investigated and ranked based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) fuzzy method: upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) + membrane bioreactor (MBR), UASB + extended aeration (EA), anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), anaerobic lagoon (ANL) + aerated lagoon (AL), and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) + ABR. These treatment methods were ranked based on five criteria, namely energy consumption, effluent total suspended solids (TSS), effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD), cost, and level of technology. The different options of the wastewater treatment plant were rated by expert decision-makers in this field. The results show that for typical high-strength wastewater, the use of an UASB reactor followed by a MBR is the most appropriate alternative for treating the wastewater.
https://aet.irost.ir/article_910_e762d2202089e7f08b37a90c86b875ab.pdf
2019-04-01
99
105
10.22104/aet.2020.4100.1202
Wastewater treatment
AHP
Fuzzy
COD
Amin
Hedayati Moghaddam
ami.hedayati_moghaddam@iauctb.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jalal
Shayegan
shayegan@sharif.edu
2
Department of Chemical and Petroleum engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Hazrati H, Shayegan J (2011) Optimizing OLR and HRT in a UASB reactor for pretreating high-strength municipal wastewater. Chemical engineering transaction 24, 1285-1290.
1
[2] Hedayati Moghaddam, A Sargolzaei J (2012) A mini-review over diverse methods used in starchy wastewater treatment. Recent patents on chemical engineering 5(2), 95-102.
2
[3] Moghaddam AH, Sargolzaei J (2015) Biofilm development on normal and modified surface in a hybrid SBR-based bioreactor. Journal of the Taiwan institute of chemical engineers 49, 165-171
3
[4] Chowdhury P, Viraraghavan T, Srinivasan A (2010) Biological treatment processes for fish processing wastewater–A review. Bioresource technology 101(2), 439-449.
4
[5] Salminen E, Rintala J (2002) Anaerobic digestion of organic solid poultry slaughterhouse waste–a review. Bioresource technology 83(1), 13-26.
5
[6] Demirel B, Yenigun O, Onay TT (2005) Anaerobic treatment of dairy wastewaters: a review. Process biochemistry 40(8), 2583-2595.
6
[7] Sarkar, B., Chakrabarti, P. P., Vijaykumar, A, Kale, V. (2006). Wastewater treatment in dairy industries- possibility of reuse. Desalination, 195(1), 141-152.
7
[8] Karadag, D., Köroğlu, O. E., Ozkaya, B., Cakmakci, M. (2015). A review on anaerobic biofilm reactors for the treatment of dairy industry wastewater. Process biochemistry, 50(2), 262-271.
8
[9] Cecconet D, Molognoni D, Callegari A, Capodaglio AG (2018) Agro-food industry wastewater treatment with microbial fuel cells: Energetic recovery issues. International journal of hydrogen energy 43(1), 500-511.
9
[10] Kiker, G. A., Bridges, T. S., Varghese, A., Seager, T. P., Linkov, I. (2005). Application of multicriteria decision analysis in environmental decision making.Integrated environmental assessment and management: An international journal, 1(2), 95-108.
10
[11] Askari, N., Farhadian, M., Razmjou, A. (2015). Decolorization of ionic dyes from synthesized textile wastewater by nanofiltration using response surface methodology. Advances in environmental technology, 2, 85-92
11
[12] Chen, M. F., Tzeng, G. H., Ding, C. G. (2008). Combining fuzzy AHP with MDS in identifying the preference similarity of alternatives. Applied soft computing, 8(1), 110-117.
12
[13] Kalbar, P. P., Karmakar, S., Asolekar, S. R. (2012). Selection of an appropriate wastewater treatment technology: A scenario-based multiple-attribute decision-making approach. Journal of environmental management, 113, 158-169.
13
[14] Abrishamchi, A., Ebrahimian, A., Tajrishi, M., Mariño, M. A. (2005). Case study: application of multicriteria decision making to urban water supply. Journal of water resources planning and management, 131(4), 326-335.
14
[15] Karimi, A. R., Mehrdadi, N., Hashemian, S. J., Nabi-Bidhendi, G. R., Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R. (2011). Using of the fuzzy topsis and fuzzy ahp methods for wastewater treatment process selection. International journal of academic research, 3(1), 737-745.
15
[16] Karimi, A. R., Mehrdadi, N., Hashemian, S. J., Bidhendi, G. N., Moghaddam, R. T. (2011). Selection of wastewater treatment process based on the analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process methods. International journal of environmental science and technology, 8(2), 267-280.
16
[17] Pophali, G. R., Chelani, A. B., Dhodapkar, R. S. (2011). Optimal selection of full scale tannery effluent treatment alternative using integrated AHP and GRA approach. Expert systems with applications, 38(9), 10889-10895.
17
[18] Chang, D. Y. (1996). Applications of the extent analysis method on fuzzy AHP. European journal of operational research, 95(3), 649-655.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of effective parameters on adsorption of amoxicillin from aqueous medium onto activated carbon
In this study, the adsorption of amoxicillin onto activated carbon was investigated. The effect of particle size and the effluent flow rate was discussed as well as the kinetics and isotherm of adsorption equilibrium. The isotherm equilibrium studies showed that the Langmuir model was appropriate for describing the adsorption equilibrium of amoxicillin onto the activated carbon. Furthermore, the kinetics of adsorption fit the pseudo-second-order model while the highest adsorption amount occurred at pH = 5. Moreover, the change of particle size from 600 microns to 125 microns resulted in increasing the adsorption amount of 102 mg/g to 225 mg/g. Furthermore, the breakthrough curves indicated that the controlling mechanism of mass transfer was intra-particle diffusion. Also, by reducing the length of the bed from 6.8 to 3.4 cm, the breakpoint time decreased from 3.2 hours to 54 minutes at 300 ppm initial concentration. Eventually, the breakpoint time increased from 2 minutes to 55 minutes by decreasing the average particle diameter from 840 to 250 microns.
https://aet.irost.ir/article_918_e9b5281205b6a6f98bd2c7436c41bd7a.pdf
2019-04-01
107
114
10.22104/aet.2020.3781.1187
Adsorption
Amoxicillin
activated carbon
Breakthrough curve
Isotherm
Javad
Rahbar Shahrouzi
shahrouzi@sut.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Chemical Engineering
Sahand University of Technology
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sakineh
Molaee
molaee.mina@gmail.com
2
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Amanollah
Ebadi
ebadi@sut.ac.ir
3
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Farshid
Towfighi
farshid.to@gmail.com
4
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Farshad
Bakhti
farshad.bakhti@gmail.com
5
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Kavanaugh, M. C. (2003). Unregulated and emerging chemical contaminants: technical and institutional challenges. Proceedings of the water environment federation, 2003(12), 1-19.
1
[2] Chayid, M. A., Ahmed M. J. (2015). Amoxicillin adsorption on microwave prepared activated carbon from Arundo donax Linn: isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics studies. Journal of environmental chemical engineering, 3(3), 1592-1601.
2
[3] Klavarioti, M., Mantzavinos, D., Kassinos, D. (2009). Removal of residual pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems by advanced oxidation processes. Environment international, 35(2), 402-417.
3
[4] Githinji, L. J., Musey, M. K., Ankumah, R. O. (2011). Evaluation of the fate of ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin in domestic wastewater. Water, air, and soil pollution, 219(1-4), 191-201.
4
[5] Fu, F., Wang, Q. (2011). Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review. Journal of environmental management, 92(3), 407-418.
5
[6] Amy, G., Kim, T. U., Yoon, J., Bellona, C., Drewes, J., Pellegrino, J., Heberer, T. (2005). Removal of micropollutants by NF/RO membranes. Water science and technology: Water supply, 5(5), 25-33.
6
[7] De Ridder, D. J. (2012). Adsorption of organic micropollutants onto activated carbon and zeolites, PhD dissertation, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands.
7
[8] Homem, V., Alves, A., Santos L. (2010). Amoxicillin removal from aqueous matrices by sorption with almond shell ashes. International journal of environmental and analytical chemistry, 90(14-15), 1063-1084.
8
[9] Lin, S. H., Juang, R. S. (2009). Adsorption of phenol and its derivatives from water using synthetic resins and low-cost natural adsorbents: A review. Journal of environmental management, 90(3), 1336-1349.
9
[10] Ahmad, A., Hameed B. (2010). Fixed-bed adsorption of reactive azo dye onto granular activated carbon prepared from waste. Journal of hazardous materials, 175(1-3), 298-303.
10
[11] Han, R., Ding, D., Xu, Y., Zou, W., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Zou L. (2008). Use of rice husk for the adsorption of congo red from aqueous solution in column mode. Bioresource technology, 99(8), 2938-2946.
11
[12] Moussavi, G., Alahabadi, A., Yaghmaeian, K., Eskandari, M. (2013). Preparation, characterization and adsorption potential of the NH4Cl-induced activated carbon for the removal of amoxicillin antibiotic from water. Chemical engineering journal, 217, 119-128.
12
[13] Yaghmaeian, K., Moussavi, G., Alahabadi, A. (2014). Removal of amoxicillin from contaminated water using NH4Cl-activated carbon: Continuous flow fixed-bed adsorption and catalytic ozonation regeneration. Chemical engineering journal, 236, 538-544.
13
[14] Putra, E. K., Pranowo, R., Sunarso, J., Indraswati, N., Ismadji, S. (2009). Performance of activated carbon and bentonite for adsorption of amoxicillin from wastewater: Mechanisms, isotherms and kinetics. Water research, 43(9), 2419-2430.
14
[15] Lima, D. R., Lima, E. C., Umpierres, C. S., Thue, P. S., El-Chaghaby, G. A., da Silva, R. S., Pavan, F. A., Dias, S. L., Biron, C. (2019). Removal of amoxicillin from simulated hospital effluents by adsorption using activated carbons prepared from capsules of cashew of Para. Environmental science and pollution research, 26(16), 16396-16408.
15
[16] Saucier, C., Karthickeyan, P., Ranjithkumar, V., Lima, E. C., Dos Reis, G. S., de Brum, I. A. (2017). Efficient removal of amoxicillin and paracetamol from aqueous solutions using magnetic activated carbon. Environmental Science and pollution research, 24(6), 5918-5932.
16
[17] Limousy, L., Ghouma, I., Ouederni, A., Jeguirim, M. (2017). Amoxicillin removal from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared by chemical activation of olive stone. Environmental science and pollution research, 24(11), 9993-10004.
17
[18] National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. Amoxicillin, CID=33613, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Amoxicillin (accessed on Sep. 24, 2019).
18
[19] Al-Qodah, Z. Shawabkah, R. (2009). Production and characterization of granular activated carbon from activated sludge. Brazilian journal of chemical engineering, 26(1), 127-136.
19
[20] Attia, A. A., Rashwan, W. E., Khedr, S. A. (2006). Capacity of activated carbon in the removal of acid dyes subsequent to its thermal treatment. Dyes and pigments, 69(3), 128-136.
20
[21] Ayawei, N., Ebelegi, A. N., Wankasi, D. (2017). Modelling and interpretation of adsorption isotherms. Journal of chemistry, 2017.
21
[22] Kajjumba, G. W., Emik, S., Öngen, A., Ozcan, K., Aydin, S., 2018. Modelling of adsorption kinetic processes—errors, theory and application, in Advanced sorption process applications, IntechOpen.
22
[23] Órfão, J., Silva, A., Pereira, J., Barata, S., Fonseca, I., Faria, P., Pereira, M. (2006). Adsorption of a reactive dye on chemically modified activated carbons—influence of pH. Journal of colloid and interface science, 296(2), 480-489.
23
[24] McCabe, W. L., Smith, J. C., Harriott, P., 2004. Unit operations of chemical engineering, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
24
[25] Sotelo, J., Rodríguez, A., Álvarez, S., García, J. (2012). Removal of caffeine and diclofenac on activated carbon in fixed bed column. Chemical engineering research and design, 90(7), 967-974.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Environmental Impact Assessment of Solid Waste Disposal Options in Touristic Islands
Kish Island is a popular tourist destination in Iran, and tourism plays an important role in its economy. The volume of waste produced in the island has increased given the construction of numerous industrial projects over the past decade, as well as an increase in the tourist population. This expansion signals a need to create new methods of waste disposal. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process that can be used to evaluate the impact of waste disposal options on Kish Island. Rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) is a powerful tool to carry out the environmental impact assessment. The RIAM conducted in this research incorporated the mathematical sustainability model to evaluate the impacts of four municipal solid waste disposal options on the environment on Kish Island. The options included: (Option 1) Continuing the current disposal activities in Kish Island, i.e., 50% waste recycling and 50% waste landfilling; (Option 2) 30% composting, 50% waste recycling, and 20% waste landfilling; (Option 3) 30% composting, 50% waste recycling, and 20% waste incineration; and (Option 4) 50% waste recycling and 50% waste incineration. Among these options, option 4 was the priority for the establishment of final waste disposal with the highest score (0.043) in terms of sustainability, as well as having fewer adverse environmental impacts. However, the current environmental status of the Kish Island disposal site (Option 1) had the lowest score (-0.263) in terms of sustainability and was found to be the last priority with the most destructive environmental effects.
https://aet.irost.ir/article_919_5331f946ece3e25f7dacd4585486137a.pdf
2019-04-01
115
125
10.22104/aet.2020.4143.1205
Disposal
Environmental impact assessment
Sustainability
Solid waste
Touristic island
Ali
Drayabeigi Zand
adzand@ut.ac.ir
1
School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Azar
Vaezi Heir
azar.vaeziheir@ut.ac.ir
2
School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Zhao, Y., Christensen, T.H., Lu, W., Wu, H., Wang, H. (2011). Environmental impact assessment of solid waste management in Beijing City, China. Waste management, 31(4), 793-799.
1
[2] Minelgaitė, A., Liobikienė, G. (2019). Waste problem in European Union and its influence on waste management behaviours. Science of the total environment, 667, 86-93.
2
[3] Chen, M. C., Ruijs, A., Wesseler, J. (2005). Solid waste management on small islands: the case of Green Island, Taiwan. Resources, conservation and recycling, 45(1), 31-47.
3
[4] Guerrero, L. A., Maas, G., Hogland, W. (2013). Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. Waste management, 33(1), 220-232.
4
[5] Ferronato, N., Torretta, V. (2019). Waste mismanagement in developing countries: A review of global issues. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(6), 1060.
5
[6] Bosompem, C., Stemn, E., Fei-Baffoe, B. (2016). Multi-criteria GIS-based siting of transfer station for municipal solid waste: The case of Kumasi Metropolitan Area, Ghana. Waste Management and research, 34(10), 1054-1063.
6
[7] SaadatFoomani, M., Karimi, S., Jafari, H., Ghorbaninia, Z. (2017). Using Boolean and fuzzy logic combined with analytic hierarchy process for hazardous waste landfill site selection: A case study from Hormozgan province, Iran. Advances in environmental technology, 3(1), 11-25.
7
[8] EPA, U. (2002). Waste Transfer Stations: A Manual for Decision Making. United States: Environmental protection agency (EPA).
8
[9] World Health Organization. (2015). Waste and human health: evidence and needs. In WHO meeting report (pp. 5-6).
9
[10] Giusti, L. (2009). A review of waste management practices and their impact on human health. Waste management, 29(8), 2227-2239.
10
[11] Pradyumna, A., January, B. (2013). Understanding the health risks of solid waste management practices–applying evidence to Bangalore’s context.Society for Community Health Awareness Research and Action, Bangalore. January.
11
[12] Maheshwari, R., Gupta, S., Das, K. (2015). Impact of landfill waste on health: An overview. IOSR journal of environmental science, toxicollogy and food technology, 1(4), 17-23.
12
[13] Alikhani, J., Shayegan, J., Akbari, A. (2015). Risk assessment of hydrocarbon contaminant transport in vadose zone as it travels to groundwater table: A case study. Advances in environmental technology, 1(2),77-84.
13
[14] Taran, F., Sadraddini, A. A., Nazemi, A. H. (2018). Experimental and mathematical investigation of time-dependence of contaminant dispersivity in soil. Advances in environmental technology, 4(2), 131-138.
14
[15] Kjeldsen, P., Barlaz, M. A., Rooker, A. P., Baun, A., Ledin, A., Christensen, T. H. (2002). Present and long-term composition of MSW landfill leachate: a review. Critical reviews in environmental science and technology, 32(4), 297-336.
15
[16] Payraudeau, S., van der Werf, H. M. (2005). Environmental impact assessment for a farming region: A review of methods. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment, 107(1), 1-19.
16
[17] Carroll, B., Fothergill, J., Murphy, J., Turpin, T. (2019). Environmental impact assessment handbook: A practical guide for planners, developers and communities. ICE Publishing.
17
[18] Kuitunen, M., Jalava, K., Hirvonen, K. (2008). Testing the usability of the Rapid Impact Assessment matrix (RIAM) method for comparison of EIA and SEA results. Environmental impact assessment review, 28(4-5), 312-320.
18
[19] Morris, P., Therivel, R. (Eds.). (2001). Methods of environmental impact assessment (Vol. 2). Taylor and Francis.
19
[20] Pastakia, C. M. (1998). The rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) a new tool for environmental impact assessment. Environmental impact assessment using the rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM), 8-18.
20
[21] Pastakia, C. M., Jensen, A. (1998). The rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) for EIA. Environmental impact assessment review, 18(5), 461-482.
21
[22] El-Naqa, A. (2005). Environmental impact assessment using rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) for Russeifa landfill, Jordan. Environmental geology, 47(5), 632-639.
22
[23] Mondal, M. K., Dasgupta, B. V. (2010). EIA of municipal solid waste disposal site in Varanasi using RIAM analysis. Resources, conservation and recycling, 54(9), 541-546.
23
[24] Hilson, G. (2000). Sustainable development policies in Canada's mining sector: An overview of government and industry efforts. Environmental science and policy, 3(4), 201-211.
24
[25] Phillips, J., Mondal, M. K. (2014). Determining the sustainability of options for municipal solid waste disposal in Varanasi, India. Sustainable cities and society, 10, 11-21.
25
[26] Phillips, J. (2015). A quantitative-based evaluation of the environmental impact and sustainability of a proposed onshore wind farm in the United Kingdom. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 49, 1261-1270.
26
[27] Phillips, J. (2012a). Applying a mathematical model of sustainability to the rapid impact assessment matrix evaluation of the coal mining tailings dumps in the Jiului Valley, Romania. Resources, conservation and recycling, 63, 17-25.
27
[28] Phillips, J. (2010). The advancement of a mathematical model of sustainable development. Sustainability science, 5(1), 127-142.
28
[29] Fazelpour, F., Soltani, N., Rosen, M. A. (2014). Feasibility of satisfying electrical energy needs with hybrid systems for a medium-size hotel on Kish Island, Iran. Energy, 73, 856-865.
29
[30] Ataie Ashtiani, B., Rajabi, M. M., Ketabchi, H. (2013). Inverse modelling for freshwater lens in small islands: Kish Island, Persian Gulf. Hydrological processes, 27(19), 2759-2773.
30
[31] Petric, I., Avdihodžić, E., Ibrić, N. (2015). Numerical simulation of composting process for mixture of organic fraction of municipal solid waste and poultry manure. Ecological engineering, 75, 242-249.
31
[32] Phillips, J. (2012b). The level and nature of sustainability for clusters of abandoned limestone quarries in the southern Palestinian west bank. Applied geography, 32(2), 376-392.
32
[33] Phillips, J. (2009). The development and application of a geocybernetic model of sustainability (Doctoral dissertation, Exeter University).
33
[34] Gholamalifard, M., Phillips, J., Ghazizade, M. J. (2017). Evaluation of unmitigated option for municipal waste disposal site in Tehran, Iran using an integrated assessment approach. Journal of environmental planning and management, 60(5), 792-820.
34
[35] Vrijheid, M. (2000). Health effects of residence near hazardous waste landfill sites: a review of epidemiologic literature. Environmental health perspectives, 108, 101-112.
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue from aqueous solution using Fe3O4@SiO2@CeO2 core-shell magnetic nanostructure as an effective catalyst
In the present study, the core-shell magnetic nanostructure of Fe3O4@SiO2@CeO2 was synthesized to investigate its use as an effective photocatalyst for methylene blue removal. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The photocatalytic activity for the Fe3O4@SiO2@CeO2 core-shell magnetic nanostructure was investigated under visible light by determining the degradation rate of methylene blue for 50 min. At the end of the photocatalytic degradation process, the magnetic catalyst was recovered by an external magnetic field. The performance of the proposed catalyst for the degradation of methylene blue was improved with the optimization of the effective parameters such as the amount of catalyst, pH, and reaction time. Under optimum conditions, the efficiency of methylene blue removal with the proposed photocatalyst remains higher than 92 % after five times of use. The second pseudo-model was selected as the kinetic model to calculate catalytic degradation. The present results show that the Fe3O4@SiO2@CeO2 can be an efficient nanocatalyst for the photodegradation of dye pollutants.
https://aet.irost.ir/article_920_b439544cf41e99c8d86636a285e1c4bb.pdf
2019-04-01
127
132
10.22104/aet.2020.4137.1204
Core-shell magnetic nanostructure
Photodegradation
Visible light driven
Methylene Blue
Fatemeh
Ziaadini
fatemezia@yahoo.com
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ShahidBahonar University of Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Mostafavi
mostafavi.ali@gmail.com
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ShahidBahonar University of Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Tayebeh
Shamspur
shamspur@gmail.com
3
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ShahidBahonar University of Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Fariba
Fathirad
f_fathirad@yahoo.com
4
Department of Nanotechnology, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Hitam, C. N. C., Jalil, A. A. (2020). A review on exploration of Fe2O3 photocatalyst towards degradation of dyes and organic contaminants. Journal of environmental management, 258, 110050.
1
[2] You, J., Guo, Y., Guo, R., Liu, X. (2020). A review of visible light-active photocatalysts for water disinfection: Features and prospects. Chemical engineering journal, 373, 624-641.
2
[3] Liang, Q., Liu, X., Zeng, G., Liu, Z., Tang, L., Shao, B., Zeng, Z., Zhang, W., Liu, Y., Cheng, M., Tang, W., & Gong, Sh. (2019). Surfactant-assisted synthesis of photocatalysts: Mechanism, synthesis, recent advances and environmental application. Chemical engineering journal, 372, 429-451.
3
[4] Poole, Jr., Charles, P., Frank, J. (2005). Introduction to Nanotechnology. Journal of materials sciense technology, 395, 226-234.
4
[5] Ohno, K., Tanaka, M., Takeda, J., Kawazoe, Y. (2008). Nano-and Micromaterials. Materials letters, 9, 123-136.
5
[6] Wong, J. K. H., Tan, H. K., Lau, S. Y., Yap, P-S., Danquah, M. K. (2019). Potential and challenges of enzyme incorporated nanotechnology in dye wastewater treatment: A review. Journal of environmental chemical engineering, 7, 103261.
6
[7] Kurmi, B. D., Patel, P., Paliwal, R., Paliwal, S. R. (2020). Molecular approaches for targeted drug delivery towards cancer: A concise review with respect to nanotechnology. Journal of drug delivery science and technology, 57, 101682.
7
[8] Zhang, W., Zhang, D., Liang, Y. (2019). Nanotechnology in remediation of water contaminated by poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances: A review. Environmental pollution, 247, 266-276.
8
[9] Hitkari, G., Singh, S., Panday, G. (2018). Photoluminescence behavior and visible light photocatalytic activity of ZnO, ZnO/ZnS and ZnO/ZnS/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposites. Transactions of nonferrous metals society of China, 28, 1386-1396.
9
[10] Qian, Y., Yang, M., Zhang, F., Du, J., Li, K., Lin, X., Zhu, X., Lu, Y., Wang, W., Kang, D. J. (2018). A stable and highly efficient visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution porous CdS/WO3/TiO2 photocatalysts. Materials characterization, 142, 43-49.
10
[11] Ma, R., Zhang, S., Wen, T., Gu, P., Li, L., Zhao, G., Niu, F., Huang, Q., Tang, Zh., Wang, X. (2019). A critical review on visible-light-response CeO2-based photocatalysts with enhanced photooxidation of organic pollutants. Catalysis today, 335, 20-30.
11
[12] Chaudhuri, R. G., Paria, S. (2012). Core-shell nanoparticles: classes, properties, synthesis mechanisms, characterization, and applications. Chemical reviews, 112, 2373-2433.
12
[13] Channei, D., Inceesungvorn, B., Wetchakun, N., & Phanichphant, S. (2014). Synthesis of Fe3O4/SiO2/CeO2 Core–Shell magnetic and their application as photocatalyst. Journal of nanoparticle research, 14, 7756-7762.
13
[14] Girginova, P. I., Daniel-da-Silva, A. L., Lopes, C. B., Figueira, P., Otero, M., Amaral, V. S., Pereira, E., Trindade, T. (2010). Silica coated magnetite particles for magnetic removal of Hg 2+ from water. Journal of colloid and interface science, 345, 234-240.
14
[15] Panneerselvam, P., Morad, N., Tan, K. A. (2011). Magnetic nanoparticle (Fe3O4) impregnated onto tea waste for the removal of nickel (II) from aqueous solution. Journal of imaging science and technology, 186, 160-168.
15
[16] Peng, Q., Liu, Y., Zeng, G., Xu, W., Yang, C., Zhang, J. (2010). Biosorption of copper (II) by immobilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the surface of chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles from aqueous solution. Journal of imaging science and technology, 177, 676-682.
16
[17] Tajabadi, M., Khosroshahi, M. E. (2012). New finding on magnetite particle size reduction by changing temperature and alkaline media concentration. Advances in chemistry series, 3, 140-146.
17
[18] Mashkoor, F., Nasar, A. (2020). Magsorbents: Potential candidates in wastewater treatment technology – A review on the removal of methylene blue dye. Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials, 500, 166408.
18
[19] Wang, C., Li, J., Lv, X., Zhang Y., Guo, G. (2014). Photocatalytic organic pollutants degradation in metal-organicframeworks. Energy and environmental. science. 25, 2831-2867.
19
[20] Zinatloo-Ajabshir, S., Salavati-Niasari, M. (2019). Preparation of magnetically retrievable CoFe2O4@ SiO2@ Dy2Ce2O7 nanocomposites as novel photocatalyst for highly efficient degradation of organic contaminants. Composites part B: Engineering, 174, 106930.
20
[21] Long, Z., Li, Q., Wei, T., Zhang, G., Ren, Zh. (2020). Historical development and prospects of photocatalysts for pollutant removal in water. Journal of hazardous materials, 395, 122599.
21
[22] Channei, D., Inceesungvorn, B., Wetchakun, N., Phanichphant, S. (2014). Synthesis of Fe3O4/SiO2/CeO2 Core–Shell Magnetic and Their Application as Photocatalyst. Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, 14, 7756-7762.
22
[23] Ehrampoosh, M., Moussavi, G. H., Ghaneian, M., Rahimi, S., Ahmadian, M. (2011). Removal of methylene blue dye from textile simulated sample using tubular reactor and TiO2/UV-C photocatalytic process. Journal of environmental health, 8, 34-40.
23
[24] Joshi, K. M., Shrivastava, V. S. (2012). Removal of methylene blue dye aqueous solution using photocatalysis. Environmental technology, 2, 241-252.
24
[25] Kanakaraju, D., Mohamad Shahdad, R. N., Lim, Y-C., Pace, A. (2018). Magnetic hybrid TiO2/Alg/FeNPs triads for the efficient removal of methylene blue from water. Sustainable chemistry and pharmacy, 8, 50-62.
25
[26] Saeed, M., Muneer, M., Akram, N., Haq, A., Afzal, N., Hamayun, M. (2019). Synthesis and characterization of silver loaded alumina and evaluation of its photo catalytic activity on photo degradation of methylene blue dye. Chemical engineering research and design, 148, 218- 226.
26
[27] Ashraf, G. A., Rasool, R. T., Hassan, M., Zhang, L. (2020). Enhanced photo Fenton-like activity by effective and stable Al–Sm M-hexaferrite heterogenous catalyst magnetically detachable for methylene blue degradation. Journal of alloys and compounds, 821, 153410.
27