Ordered nanoporous carbon (CMK-3) coated fiber for solid-phase microextraction of benzene and chlorobenzenes in water samples

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Research Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Nanoporous carbons (CMK-3) were prepared and have been used as a fiber coating for headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The prepared materials were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. The efficiency of the fiber was evaluated using a gas chromatography (GC) system for the extraction of benzene (B) and chlorobenzenes (CBs) from the headspace of aqueous samples. The prepared nanomaterial was coated onto a copper wire for fabrication of the SPME fiber. These fibers featured advantages like easy and fast preparation, high thermal and mechanical stability. To optimize different parameters which influence the extraction efficiency such as sample volume, extraction temperature, extraction time, ionic strength and stirring rate, a Taguchi OA16 (45) orthogonal array experimental design was used. Based on the results obtained from the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the optimum conditions for extraction were established as: 12 mL sample volume; laboratory temperature; 20 % (w/v) NaCl; 35 min extraction time and stirring rate of 600 rpm. Under the optimized conditions for B and CBs, the linearity was from 2.5 to 800 µg/L, the relative standard deviation (RSD %) of the method was between 5.2 and 9.3% and limit of detections (LODs) was between 0.09 and 0.28 µg/L. The recovery values were from 85.40% to 104.20 % in water samples. Finally, the applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by the extraction and determination of B and CBs in the water samples.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1] Kozani, R. R., Assadi, Y., Shemirani, F., Hosseini, M. R. M., Jamali, M. R. (2007). Part-per-trillion determination of chlorobenzenes in water using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined gas chromatography–electron capture detection. Talanta, 72(2), 387-393.
[2] Sarrion, M. N., Santos, F. J., Galceran, M. T. (1998). Strategies for the analysis of chlorobenzenes in soils using solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry. Journal of chromatography A, 819(1-2), 197-209.
[3] Belfroid, A., Seinen, W., van Gestel, K., Hermens, J. (1993). The acute toxicity of chlorobenzenes for earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in different exposure systems. Chemosphere, 26(12), 2265-2277.
[4] Wang, Y., Lee, H. K. (1998). Determination of chlorobenzenes in water by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of chromatography A, 803(1-2), 219-225.
[5] He, Y., Wang, Y., Lee, H. K. (2000). Trace analysis of ten chlorinated benzenes in water by headspace solid-phase microextraction. Journal of chromatography A, 874(1), 149-154.
[6] Oliver, B. G., Bothen, K. D. (1982). Extraction and clean-up procedures for measuring chlorobenzenes in sediments and fish by capillary gas chromatography. International journal of environmental analytical chemistry, 12(2), 131-139.
[7] El-Deen, G. E. S. (2016). Sorption of Cu (II), Zn (II) and Ni (II) from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from olive stone waste. Advances in environmental technology, 3(2015), 147-61.
[8] Oliver, B. G. (1980). Determination of chlorobenzenes in water by capillary gas chromatography. Analytical chemistry, 52(13), 2066-2069.
[9] Oliver, B. G., Bothen, K. D. (1980). Determination of chlorobenzenes in water by capillary gas chromatography. Analytical chemistry, 52(13), 2066-2069.
[10] Vidal, L., Canals, A., Kalogerakis, N., and Psillakis, E. (2005). Headspace single-drop microextraction for the analysis of chlorobenzenes in water samples. Journal of chromatography A, 1089(1-2), 25-30.
[11] Li, X., Chen, J., and Du, L. (2007). Analysis of chloro- and nitrobenzenes in water by a simple polyaniline-based solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography. Journal of chromatography A, 1140(1-2), 21-28.
[12] Belardi, R. P., and Pawliszyn, J. B. (1989). Application of chemically modified fused silica fibers in the extraction of organics from water matrix samples and their rapid transfer to capillary columns. Water quality  research journal of Canada, 24(1), 179-191.
[13] Zhang, Z., Yang, M. J., and Pawliszyn, J. (1994). Solid-phase microextraction. A solvent-free alternative for sample preparation. Analytical chemistry, 66(17), 844A-853A.
[14] Bagheri, H., Mir, A., and Babanezhad, E. (2005). An electropolymerized aniline-based fiber coating for solid phase microextraction of phenols from water. Analytica chimica Acta, 532(1), 89-95.
[15] Hou, J.-g., Ma, Q., Du, X.-z., Deng, H.-l., and Gao, J.-z. (2004). Inorganic/organic mesoporous silica as a novel fiber coating of solid-phase microextraction. Talanta, 62(2), 241-246.
[16] Demeestere, K., Dewulf, J., De Witte, B., and Van Langenhove, H. (2007). Sample preparation for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in air and water matrices. Journal of chromatography A, 1153(1–2), 130-144.
[17] Giardina, M., and Olesik, S. V. (2001). Application of low-temperature glassy carbon films in solid-phase microextraction. Analytical chemistry, 73(24), 5841-5851.
[18] Araujo, A. d. S., and Jaroniec, M. (2000). Thermogravimetric monitoring of the MCM-41 synthesis. Thermochimica Acta, 363(1), 175-180.
[19] Ryoo, R., Joo, S. H., and Jun, S. (1999). Synthesis of highly ordered carbon molecular sieves via template-mediated structural transformation. Journal of physical chemistry B, 103(37), 7745-7746.
[20] Anbia, M., and Khazaei, M. (2011). Ordered nanoporous carbon-based SPME and determination by GC. Chromatographia, 73(3-4), 379-384.
[21] Anbia, M., Haghi, A., and Shariati, S. (2012). Novel fiber coated with nanoporous carbons for headspace solid-phase microextraction of chlorophenols from aqueous media. Analytical methods, 4(8), 2555-2561.
[22] Anbia, M., and Moradi, S. E. (2009). Adsorption of naphthalene-derived compounds from water by chemically oxidized nanoporous carbon. Chemical engineering journal, 148(2-3), 452-458.
[23] Ghorbani, M., and Nowee, S. M. (2016). Kinetic study of Pb (II) and Ni (II) adsorption onto MCM-41 amine-functionalized nano particle. Advances in environmental technology, 2, 101-104.
[24] Du, X. Z., Wang, Y. R., Tao, X. J., and Deng, H. L. (2005). An approach to application of mesoporous hybrid as a fiber coating of solid-phase microextraction. Analytica chimica Acta, 543(1-2), 9-16.
[25] Du, X. Z., Wang, Y. R., Ma, Q., Mao, X. F., and Hou, J. G. (2005). Application of phenyl bonded mesoporous silica as a novel coating layer of solid-phase microextraction for determination of benzo[a]pyrene in water samples. Chinese chemical letters, 16(6), 801-804.
[26] Hashemi, P., Shamizadeh, M., Badiei, A., Poor, P. Z., Ghiasvand, A. R., and Yarahmadi, A. (2009). Amino ethyl-functionalized nanoporous silica as a novel fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction. Analytica chimica Acta, 646(1-2), 1-5.
[27] Zhao, D., Feng, J., Huo, Q., Melosh, N., Fredrickson, G. H., Chmelka, B. F., and Stucky, G. D. (1998). Triblock copolymer syntheses of mesoporous silica with periodic 50 to 300 angstrom pores. Science, 279(5350), 548-552.
[28] Jun, S., Sang Hoon, J., Ryoo, R., Kruk, M., Jaroniec, M., Liu, Z., Ohsuna, T., and Terasaki, O. (2000). Synthesis of new, nanoporous carbon with hexagonally ordered mesostructure [5]. Journal of the American chemical society, 122(43), 10712-10713.
[29] Anbia, M., and Kakoli Khataei, N. (2016) Ordered nanoporous carbon as an effective adsorbent in solid-phase microextraction of toluene and chlorinated toluenes in water samples. Journal of Saudi chemical society, 20(S1), S38-S45.
[30] Gregg, S. J., Sing, K. S. W., and Salzberg, H. (1967). Adsorption surface area and porosity. Journal of The electrochemical society, 114(11), 279C-279C.
[31] Lan, W. G., Wong, M. K., Chen, N., and Sin, Y. M. (1994). Orthogonal array design as a chemometric method for the optimization of analytical procedures. Part 1. Two-level design and its application in microwave dissolution of biological samples. Analyst-letchworth, 119(8), 1659-1668.
[32] Farhadi, K., Tahmasebi, R., and Maleki, R. (2009). Preparation and application of the titania sol–gel coated anodized aluminum fibers for headspace solid phase microextraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples. Talanta, 77(4), 1285-1289.
[33] Mehdinia, A., Mousavi, M. F., and Shamsipur, M. (2006). Nano-structured lead dioxide as a novel stationary phase for solid-phase microextraction. Journal of chromatography A, 1134(1), 24-31.
[34] Khajeh, M., Yamini, Y., and Hassan, J. (2006). Trace analysis of chlorobenzenes in water samples using headspace solvent microextraction and gas chromatography/electron capture detection. Talanta, 69(5), 1088-1094.
Advances in Environmental Technology
Volume 4, Issue 1
January 2018
Pages 13-22

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 22 January 2017
  • Revise Date: 04 August 2017
  • Accept Date: 08 July 2018

Share

How to cite

Statistics