Investigation of the biodegradability of pendimethalin by Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Escherichia coli

Avarseji, Zeinab; Talie, Fakhtak; GholamaAlipour Alamdari, Ebrahim; Hoseini Tilan, Masoumeh Sadat

doi:10.22104/aet.2022.5115.1399

Investigation of the biodegradability of pendimethalin by Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Escherichia coli

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

University of Gonbad Kavous, Plant Production Department, Gonbad Kavous, Iran

10.22104/aet.2022.5115.1399

Abstract

Pendimethalin is a persistent herbicide. It is the third most widely used selective herbicide applied in soil that negatively affects humans and the environment. The current experiment assessed the ability of three bacterial species to degrade this herbicide. Pendimethalin was added to flasks in a 125 mg/L concentration and 10⁷ CFU.mL^-1 of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Escherichia coli were added separately to the mineral salts medium media (MSM) and stored on a rotary shaker. The bacterial cell number, wet biomass, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were determined after seven days. The concentration of pendimethalin residue was then determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates was used to arrange the experimental units, except for HPLC with only one replicate. The experimental results showed that all three bacterial growths rose after seven days post-inoculation in the pendimethalin modified media. A comparison of the growth kinetics of bacteria in the herbicide modified media and the control showed that the bacteria grew faster in the presence of the herbicide. The reduction in the COD parameter occurred in all the tested bacteria, but the highest COD removal efficiency (85%) was observed with B. subtilis. The highest biological degradation of pendimethalin compared to the control occurred in the B. subtilis inoculated media (78%), which also produce the most cell density. Based on the HPLC results, all three bacterial species were capable of biodegrading pendimethalin herbicide, with B. subtilis as the most effective bacterium, followed by E. coli and P. fluorescens.

Keywords

Main Subjects

remediation and bioremediation

References

[1] Li, L., Wei, D., Wei, G., Du, Y. (2013). Transformation of cefazolin during chlorination process: products, mechanism and genotoxicity assessment. Journal of hazardous materials, 262, 48-54.

[2] Tomlin, C. D. (2009). The pesticide manual: a world compendium (No. Ed. 15). British Crop Production Council.

[3] Singh, B., Singh, K. (2016). Microbial degradation of herbicides. Critical reviews in microbiology, 42(2), 245-261.

[4] Ma, J., Xu, L., Wang, S., Zheng, R., Jin, S., Huang, S., Huang, Y. (2002). Toxicity of 40 herbicides to the green alga Chlorella vulgaris. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 51(2), 128-132.

[5] Mohan, S. V., Krishna, M. R., Muralikrishna, P., Shailaja, S., Sarma, P. N. (2007). Solid phase bioremediation of pendimethalin in contaminated soil and evaluation of leaching potential. Bioresource technology, 98(15), 2905-2910.

[6] Kočárek, M., Artikov, H., Voříšek, K., & Borůvka, L. (2016). Pendimethalin degradation in soil and its interaction with soil microorganisms. Soil and water research, 11(4), 213-219.

[7] USEPA. Persistent bioaccumulative toxic (PBT) chemicals. (1999). United States Environment Protection Agency, Final rule, Fed. Regist., 64, 5866658753.

[8] Ritter, L., Solomon, K. R., Forget, J., Stemeroff, M., O'Leary, C. (1995). Persistent organic pollutants: an assessment report on: DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and furans. December international programme on chemical safety (IPCS) within the framework of the inter-organization programme for the sound management of chemicals (IOMC).

[9] Kamrin, M. A. (1997). Pesticide profiles: toxicity, environmental impact, and fate. CRC press.

[10] Abdelbagi, A. O., Hammad, A. M. A., Elsheikh, E. A. E., Elsaid, O. E., Hur, J. H. (2017). Biodegradation of endosulfan and pendimethalin by three strains of bacteria isolated from pesticides-polluted soils in the Sudan. Applied biological chemistry, 60(3), 287-297.

[11] Han, Y., Tang, Z., Bao, H., Wu, D., Deng, X., Guo, G., Dai, B. (2019). Degradation of pendimethalin by the yeast YC2 and determination of its two main metabolites. RSC Advances, 9(1), 491-497.

[12] Pinto, A. P., Serrano, C., Pires, T., Mestrinho, E., Dias, L., Teixeira, D. M., Caldeira, A. T. (2012). Degradation of terbuthylazine, difenoconazole and pendimethalin pesticides by selected fungi cultures. Science of the total environment, 435, 402-410.

[13] Belal, E. B., Zidan, N. A., Mahmoud, H. A., Eissa, F. I. (2008). Bioremediation of pesticides – contaminated soils. Journal of agricultural research, 2008, 34, 588 – 608

[14] Vidali, M. (2001). Bioremediation. an overview. Pure and applied chemistry, 73(7), 1163-1172.

[15] Khan, M. W. A., Ahmad, M. (2006). Detoxification and bioremediation potential of a Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate against the major Indian water pollutants. Journal of environmental science and health, Part A, 41(4), 659-674.

[16] Kole, R. K., Saha, J., Pal, S., Chaudhuri, S., Chowdhury, A. (1994). Bacterial degradation of the herbicide pendimethalin and activity evaluation of its metabolites. Bulletin of environmental and contamination and toxicology, 52, 779-786.

[17] Singh, S. B., Kulshrestha, G. (1991). Microbial degradation of pendimethalin. Journal of environmental science and health, 26, 309-321.

[18] Megadi, V. B. Tallur, P. N. Hoskeri, R. S. Mulla, S. I. & Ninnekar, H. Z. (2010). Biodegradation of pendimethalin by Bacillus circulans. Indian journal of biotechnology, 9, 173- 177.

[19] Su, Y., Liu, C., Fang, H., Zhang, D. (2020). Bacillus subtilis: a universal cell factory for industry, agriculture, biomaterials and medicine. Microbial cell factories, 19(1), 1-12.

[20] Yu, X. M., Yu, T., Yin, G. H., Dong. Q. L., An, M., Wang, H. R. Ai, C. X. (2015). Glyphosate biodegradation and potential soil bioremediation by Bacillus subtilis strain Bs-15. Genetic and modular research, 14(4), 14717-30

[21] Olchanheski, L. R., Dourado, M. N., Beltrame, F. L., Zielinski, A. A., Demiate, I. M., Pileggi, S. A., Pileggi, M. (2014). Mechanisms of tolerance and high degradation capacity of the herbicide mesotrione by Escherichia coli strain DH5-α. PloS one, 9(6), e99960.

[22] Kumar, H., Franzetti, L., Kaushal, A. Kumar D. (2019). Pseudomonas fluorescens: a potential food spoiler and challenges and advances in its detection. Annals of microbiology, 69, 873-883.

[23] Moneke, A. N., Okpala, G. N. & Anyanwu, C. U. (2010). Biodegradation of glyphosate herbicide in vitro using bacterial isolates from four rice fields. African journal of biotechnology, 9(26), 4067-4074.

[24] Iranian Biological Resource Center (IBRC) https://ibrc.ir/index.aspx?siteid.

[25] Hang, Y. D. (2017). Determination of oxygen demand. In food analysis (pp. 503-507). Springer, Cham.

[26] Shah, J., Mustaun Rasu, M. D., Shehzad, F. U. (2011). Quantification of pendimethalin in soil and garlic samples by microwave-assisted solvent extraction and HPLC method. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 175(1-4), 103-8.

[27] Mu’azu, W. M. A., Okpanachi, I. Y., Faruq, U. A., Fatimah, T. (2018). Characterization and role of pendimethalin catabolizing bacteria isolated from agricultural soil in Bauchi, Bauchi state. GSC. Biological and pharmaceutical science, 5(3), 12-19.

[28] Elsayed, B., El-Nady, M. F., (2013). Bioremediation of pendimethalin-contaminated soil. African Journal of microbiology research, 7(21), 2574-2588.

[29] Erguven, G. O., Bayhan, H., Ikizoglu, B., Kanat, G., Nuhoglu, Y. (2016). The capacity of some newly bacteria and fungi for biodegradation of herbicide trifluralin under agiated culture media. Cellular and molecular biology, 62(6), 74-79.

[30] Zhang, H., Mu, W., Hou, Z., Wu, X., Zhao, W., Zhang, X., Pan, H., Zhang, S. (2012). Biodegradation of nicosulfuron by bacterium Serratia marcescens N80. Journal of environmental science and health, 47, 153-160.

[31] Shelton, D. R., Khader, S., Karns, J. S., Pogell, B. M. (1996). Metabolism of twelve herbicides by Streptomyces. Biodegradation, 7, 129–136.

[32] Worthing, C. R., Hance, R. J. (1991). The Pesticide manual. 9t h Ed. A world compendium. The British crop protection council. Surrey UK, 763-764.

[33] Okerentugba, P. O., Ezeronye, O. U. (2003). Petroleum degrading potentials of single and mixed microbial cultures isolated from rivers and refinery effluent in Nigeria. African journal biotechnology, 2(9), 288-292.

[34] Desmarchelier, P., Fegan N. (2011). Pathogens in milk, Escherichia coli. Editor(s): John W. Fuquay, Encyclopedia of dairy sciences (Second edition), Academic press, 60-66.

[35] Dı́az, E., Ferrández, A., Prieto, M. A., Garcı́a, J. L. (2001). Biodegradation of aromatic compounds by Escherichia coli. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews, 65(4), 523-569.