ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Modification of piston bowl geometry and injection strategy, and investigation of EGR composition for a DME-burning direct injection engine
The amount of pollutant gases in the atmosphere has reached a critical state due to an increase in industrial development and the rapid growth of automobile industries that use fossil fuels. The combustion of fossil fuels produces harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), soot, particulate matter (PM), etc. The use of Dimethyl Ether (DME) biofuel in diesel engines or other combustion processes have been highly regarded by researchers. Studies show that the use of pure DME in automotive engines will be possible in the near future. The present work evaluated the environmental and performance effects of changing the injection strategy (time and temperature), piston bowl geometry, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) composition for a DME-burning engine. The modification of piston bowl parameters and engine simulation were numerically performed by using AVL fire CFD code. For model validation, the calculated mean pressure and rate of heat released (RHR) were compared to the experimental data and the results showed a good agreement (under a 70% load and 1200-rpm engine speed). It was found that retarding injection timing (reduction in in-cylinder temperature, consequently) caused a reduction in NO emissions and increased soot formation, reciprocally; this occurred because of a reduction in temperature and a lower soot oxidation in the combustion chamber. It became clear that 3 deg before top dead center (BTDC) was the appropriate injection timing for the DME-burning heavy duty diesel engine running under 1200 rpm. Also, the parametrical modification of the piston bowl geometry and the simultaneous decrease of Tm (piston bowl depth) and R3 (bowl inner radius) lengths were associated with lower exhaust NO emissions. For the perfect utilization of DME fuel in an HD diesel engine, the suggested proper lengths of Tm and R3 were 0.008 and 0.0079 m, respectively. Furthermore, various EGR compositions for the reduction of exhaust NO were investigated. The simulation results showed that a 0.2 EGR composition led to a reduction in the exhaust NO by 37%.
https://aet.irost.ir/article_503_70162fa0b80102129f4ffd5034c34336.pdf
2017-01-01
1
10
10.22104/aet.2017.503
DME Fuel
HD diesel engine
EGR
piston bowl geometry
injection strategy
Kianoosh
Shojae
kianoosh.shoja@gmail.com
1
Faculty of Chemical Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Majid
Mahdavian
majid_mahdavian@yahoo.com
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Advanced Technology, Quchan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Khamehchiyan, M., Nikoudel, M. R., Boroumandi, M. (2011). Identification of hazardous waste landfill site: a case study from Zanjan province, Iran. Environmental earth sciences, 64(7), 1763-1776.
1
[2] Kontos TD, Komilis DP, Halvadakis CP. (2005). Siting MSW landfills with a spatial multiple criteria analysis methodology. Waste management. 25(8), 818-32.
2
[3]. Zamorano, M., Molero, E., Hurtado, Á., Grindlay, A., Ramos, Á. (2008). Evaluation of a municipal landfill site in Southern Spain with GIS-aided methodology. Journal of hazardous materials, 160(2), 473-481.
3
[4] Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., Vigil, S. (1993). Integrated solid waste management: engineering principles and management issues. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math.
4
[5] Wang G, Qin L, Li G, Chen L. (2009) Landfill site selection using spatial information technologies and AHP: a case study in Beijing, China. Journal of environmental management. 90(8), 2414-2421.
5
[6] Sumathi, V. R., Natesan, U., Sarkar, C. (2008). GIS-based approach for optimized siting of municipal solid waste landfill. Waste management, 28(11), 2146-2160.
6
[7] Lukasheh, A. F., Droste, R. L., & Warith, M. A. (2001). Review of expert system (ES), geographic information system (GIS), decision support system (DSS), and their applications in landfill design and management. Waste Management & Research, 19(2), 177-185.
7
[8] Javaheri, H., Nasrabadi, T., Jafarian, M. H., Rowshan, G. R., Khoshnam, H. (2006). Site selection of municipal solid waste landfills using analytical hierarchy process method in a geographical information technology environment in Giroft. Journal of environmental health science and engineering, 3(3), 177-184.
8
[9] Baban, S. M., Flannagan, J. (1998). Developing and implementing GIS-assisted constraints criteria for planning landfill sites in the UK. Planning practice and research, 13(2), 139-151.
9
[10] Church, R. L. (2002). Geographical information systems and location science. Computers and operations research, 29(6), 541-562.
10
[11] Chaudhary, P., Chhetri, S. K., Joshi, K. M., Shrestha, B. M., Kayastha, P. (2016). Application of an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the GIS interface for suitable fire site selection: A case study from Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal. Socio-economic planning sciences, 53, 60-71.
11
[12] Kumar, S., Bansal, V. K. (2016). A GIS-based methodology for safe site selection of a building in a hilly region. Frontiers of architectural research,5(1), 39-51.
12
[13] Vasileiou, M., Loukogeorgaki, E., Vagiona, D. G. (2017). GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis for site selection of hybrid offshore wind and wave energy systems in Greece. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 73, 745-757.
13
[14] Nas, B., Cay, T., Iscan, F., Berktay, A. (2010). Selection of MSW landfill site for Konya, Turkey using GIS and multi-criteria evaluation. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 160(1), 491-500.
14
[15] Geneletti, D. (2010). Combining stakeholder analysis and spatial multicriteria evaluation to select and rank inert landfill sites. Waste management, 30(2), 328-337.
15
[16] Chen, Y., Yu, J., Khan, S. (2010). Spatial sensitivity analysis of multi-criteria weights in GIS-based land suitability evaluation. Environmental modelling and software, 25(12), 1582-1591.
16
[17] Al-Hanbali, A., Alsaaideh, B., Kondoh, A. (2011). Using GIS-based weighted linear combination analysis and remote sensing techniques to select optimum solid waste disposal sites within Mafraq City, Jordan. Journal of geographic information system, 3, 267-278.
17
[18] Siddiqui, M. Z., Everett, J. W., Vieux, B. E. (1996). Landfill siting using geographic information systems: a demonstration. Journal of environmental engineering, 122(6), 515-523.
18
[19] Charnpratheep, K., Zhou, Q., Garner, B. (1997). Preliminary landfill site screening using fuzzy geographical information systems. Waste management and research, 15(2), 197-215.
19
[20] Al-Jarrah, O., Abu-Qdais, H. (2006). Municipal solid waste landfill siting using intelligent system. Waste management, 26(3), 299-306.
20
[21] Chang, N. B., Parvathinathan, G., Breeden, J. B. (2008). Combining GIS with fuzzy multicriteria decision-making for landfill siting in a fast-growing urban region. Journal of environmental management, 87(1), 139-153.
21
[22] Sharifi, M., Hadidi, M., Vessali, E., Mosstafakhani, P., Taheri, K., Shahoie, S., Khodamoradpour, M. (2009). Integrating multi-criteria decision analysis for a GIS-based hazardous waste landfill sitting in Kurdistan Province, western Iran. Waste management, 29(10), 2740-2758
22
[23] Moghaddas, N. H., & Namaghi, H. H. (2011). Hazardous waste landfill site selection in Khorasan Razavi province, northeastern Iran. Arabian journal of geosciences, 4(1-2), 103-113.
23
[24] Abessi, O., Saeedi, M. (2010). Hazardous waste landfill siting using GIS technique and analytical hierarchy process. Environment Asia, 3(2), 47-53.
24
[25] Clarke, K. C. (1986). Advances in geographic information systems.Computers, environment and urban systems, 10(3-4), 175-184.
25
[26] Maliene, V., Grigonis, V., Palevicius, V., Griffiths, S. (2011). Geographic information system: Old principles with new capabilities. Urban Design International, 16(1), 1-6.
26
[27] Goodchild, M. F. (2010). Twenty years of progress: GIScience in 2010. Journal of Spatial Information Science, 1, 3-20.
27
[28] Tomlinson, R. F. (1987). Current and potential uses of geographical information systems The North American experience. International journal of geographical information system, 1(3), 203-218.
28
[29] Bhowmick, P., Mukhopadhyay, S., Sivakumar, V. (2014). A review on GIS based Fuzzy and Boolean logic modelling approach to identify the suitable sites for Artificial Recharge of Groundwater. Scholars Journal of engineering and technology, 2, 316-319.
29
[30] Bonham-Carter, G. F. (1994). Geographic information systems for geoscientists-modeling with GIS. Pergamon Press, New York.
30
[31] Celik, I. B. (1999). Introductory turbulence modeling. Western Virginia university.
31
[32] Colin, O., Benkenida, A. (2004). The 3-zones extended coherent flame model (ECFM3Z) for computing premixed/diffusion combustion. Oil and gas science and technology, 59(6), 593-609.
32
[33] Turner, M. R., Sazhin, S. S., Healey, J. J., Crua, C., Martynov, S. B. (2012). A breakup model for transient Diesel fuel sprays. Fuel, 97, 288-305.
33
[34] Dukowicz, J. K. (1980). A particle-fluid numerical model for liquid sprays. Journal of computational Physics, 35(2), 229-253.
34
[35] Nanthagopal, K., Ashok, B., Raj, R. T. K. (2016). Influence of fuel injection pressures on Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester fuelled direct injection diesel engine. Energy conversion and management, 116, 165-173.
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Using boolean and fuzzy logic combined with analytic hierarchy process for hazardous waste landfill site selection: A case study from Hormozgan province, Iran
Hazardous wastes include numerous kinds of discarded chemicals and other wastes generated from industrial, commercial, and institutional activities. These types of waste present immediate or long-term risks to humans, animals, plants, or the environment and therefore require special handling for safe disposal. Landfills that can accept hazardous wastes are excavated or engineered sites where these special types of waste can be disposed of securely. Since landfills are permanent sites, special attention must be afforded in selecting the location. This paper investigated the use of the Boolean theory and Fuzzy logic in combination with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods by applying GIS and IDRISI software for the selection of a hazardous waste landfill site in the Iranian province of Hormozgan. The best location was determined via the Fuzzy and the Boolean methodologies. By collating the area selected for the hazardous waste landfill, this study found that Fuzzy logic with an AND operator had the best options for this purpose. In the end, the most suitable area for a hazardous waste landfill was about 1.6 km2 which was obtained by employing Fuzzy in combination with AHP and by using an AND operator. In addition, all the fundamental criteria affecting the landfill location were considered.
https://aet.irost.ir/article_502_aef3fd7e5337748bbe554c763444b259.pdf
2017-01-01
11
25
10.22104/aet.2017.502
Hazardous waste
Landfill sitting
Analytic Hierarchy Process
Fuzzy logic
waste management
Mahdieh
Saadat Foomani
saadat.ma@ut.ac.ir
1
Department of Environmental Planning, Management and Education, University of Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Saeed
Karimi
dr.s.karimi1975@gmail.com
2
Department of Environmental Planning, Management and Education, University of Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamid
Jafari
hjafari@ut.ac.ir
3
Department of Environmental Planning, Management and Education, University of Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Ghorbaninia
zahra.ghorbani@ut.ac.ir
4
Department of Environmental Planning, Management and Education, University of Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Khamehchiyan, M., Nikoudel, M. R., Boroumandi, M. (2011). Identification of hazardous waste landfill site: a case study from Zanjan province, Iran. Environmental earth sciences, 64(7), 1763-1776.
1
[2] Kontos TD, Komilis DP, Halvadakis CP. (2005). Siting MSW landfills with a spatial multiple criteria analysis methodology. Waste management. 25(8), 818-32.
2
[3]. Zamorano, M., Molero, E., Hurtado, Á., Grindlay, A., Ramos, Á. (2008). Evaluation of a municipal landfill site in Southern Spain with GIS-aided methodology. Journal of hazardous materials, 160(2), 473-481.
3
[4] Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., Vigil, S. (1993). Integrated solid waste management: engineering principles and management issues. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math.
4
[5] Wang G, Qin L, Li G, Chen L. (2009) Landfill site selection using spatial information technologies and AHP: a case study in Beijing, China. Journal of environmental management. 90(8), 2414-2421.
5
[6] Sumathi, V. R., Natesan, U., Sarkar, C. (2008). GIS-based approach for optimized siting of municipal solid waste landfill. Waste management, 28(11), 2146-2160.
6
[7] Lukasheh, A. F., Droste, R. L., & Warith, M. A. (2001). Review of expert system (ES), geographic information system (GIS), decision support system (DSS), and their applications in landfill design and management. Waste Management & Research, 19(2), 177-185.
7
[8] Javaheri, H., Nasrabadi, T., Jafarian, M. H., Rowshan, G. R., Khoshnam, H. (2006). Site selection of municipal solid waste landfills using analytical hierarchy process method in a geographical information technology environment in Giroft. Journal of environmental health science and engineering, 3(3), 177-184.
8
[9] Baban, S. M., Flannagan, J. (1998). Developing and implementing GIS-assisted constraints criteria for planning landfill sites in the UK. Planning practice and research, 13(2), 139-151.
9
[10] Church, R. L. (2002). Geographical information systems and location science. Computers and operations research, 29(6), 541-562.
10
[11] Chaudhary, P., Chhetri, S. K., Joshi, K. M., Shrestha, B. M., Kayastha, P. (2016). Application of an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the GIS interface for suitable fire site selection: A case study from Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal. Socio-economic planning sciences, 53, 60-71.
11
[12] Kumar, S., Bansal, V. K. (2016). A GIS-based methodology for safe site selection of a building in a hilly region. Frontiers of architectural research,5(1), 39-51.
12
[13] Vasileiou, M., Loukogeorgaki, E., Vagiona, D. G. (2017). GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis for site selection of hybrid offshore wind and wave energy systems in Greece. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 73, 745-757.
13
[14] Nas, B., Cay, T., Iscan, F., Berktay, A. (2010). Selection of MSW landfill site for Konya, Turkey using GIS and multi-criteria evaluation. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 160(1), 491-500.
14
[15] Geneletti, D. (2010). Combining stakeholder analysis and spatial multicriteria evaluation to select and rank inert landfill sites. Waste management, 30(2), 328-337.
15
[16] Chen, Y., Yu, J., Khan, S. (2010). Spatial sensitivity analysis of multi-criteria weights in GIS-based land suitability evaluation. Environmental modelling and software, 25(12), 1582-1591.
16
[17] Al-Hanbali, A., Alsaaideh, B., Kondoh, A. (2011). Using GIS-based weighted linear combination analysis and remote sensing techniques to select optimum solid waste disposal sites within Mafraq City, Jordan. Journal of geographic information system, 3, 267-278.
17
[18] Siddiqui, M. Z., Everett, J. W., Vieux, B. E. (1996). Landfill siting using geographic information systems: a demonstration. Journal of environmental engineering, 122(6), 515-523.
18
[19] Charnpratheep, K., Zhou, Q., Garner, B. (1997). Preliminary landfill site screening using fuzzy geographical information systems. Waste management and research, 15(2), 197-215.
19
[20] Al-Jarrah, O., Abu-Qdais, H. (2006). Municipal solid waste landfill siting using intelligent system. Waste management, 26(3), 299-306.
20
[21] Chang, N. B., Parvathinathan, G., Breeden, J. B. (2008). Combining GIS with fuzzy multicriteria decision-making for landfill siting in a fast-growing urban region. Journal of environmental management, 87(1), 139-153.
21
[22] Sharifi, M., Hadidi, M., Vessali, E., Mosstafakhani, P., Taheri, K., Shahoie, S., Khodamoradpour, M. (2009). Integrating multi-criteria decision analysis for a GIS-based hazardous waste landfill sitting in Kurdistan Province, western Iran. Waste management, 29(10), 2740-2758
22
[23] Moghaddas, N. H., & Namaghi, H. H. (2011). Hazardous waste landfill site selection in Khorasan Razavi province, northeastern Iran. Arabian journal of geosciences, 4(1-2), 103-113.
23
[24] Abessi, O., Saeedi, M. (2010). Hazardous waste landfill siting using GIS technique and analytical hierarchy process. Environment Asia, 3(2), 47-53.
24
[25] Clarke, K. C. (1986). Advances in geographic information systems.Computers, environment and urban systems, 10(3-4), 175-184.
25
[26] Maliene, V., Grigonis, V., Palevicius, V., Griffiths, S. (2011). Geographic information system: Old principles with new capabilities. Urban Design International, 16(1), 1-6.
26
[27] Goodchild, M. F. (2010). Twenty years of progress: GIScience in 2010. Journal of Spatial Information Science, 1, 3-20.
27
[28] Tomlinson, R. F. (1987). Current and potential uses of geographical information systems The North American experience. International journal of geographical information system, 1(3), 203-218.
28
[29] Bhowmick, P., Mukhopadhyay, S., Sivakumar, V. (2014). A review on GIS based Fuzzy and Boolean logic modelling approach to identify the suitable sites for Artificial Recharge of Groundwater. Scholars Journal of engineering and technology, 2, 316-319.
29
[30] Bonham-Carter, G. F. (1994). Geographic information systems for geoscientists-modeling with GIS. Pergamon Press, New York.
30
[31] Karkazi, A., Hatzichristos, T., Emmanouilidi, B., & Mavropoulos, A. (2001). Landfill siting using GIS and Fuzzy Logic. In proceedings of the 8th international waste management and landfill symposium.
31
[32] Kosko B. (1993) Fuzzy thinking: the new science of fuzzy logic, Hyperion, New York.
32
[33] Hansen, H. S. (2005) GIS-based multi-criteria analysis of wind farm development. In ScanGIS 2005: Scandinavian Research Conference on Geographical Information Science.
33
[34] Thalia S, Tuteja A, Dutta M. 2011. Towards quantification of information system security. Computational intelligence and information technology: Springer; p. 225-31.
34
[35] Gemitzi, A., Tsihrintzis, V. A., Voudrias, E., Petalas, C., Stravodimos, G. (2007). Combining geographic information system, multicriteria evaluation techniques and fuzzy logic in siting MSW landfills. Environmental geology, 51(5), 797-811.
35
[36] Mosadeghi, R., Warnken, J., Tomlinson, R., Mirfenderesk, H. (2015). Comparison of Fuzzy-AHP and AHP in a spatial multi-criteria decision making model for urban land-use planning. Computers, Environment and urban systems, 49, 54-65.
36
[37] Lee, A. H., Chen, W. C., & Chang, C. J. (2008). A fuzzy AHP and BSC approach for evaluating performance of IT department in the manufacturing industry in Taiwan. Expert systems with applications, 34, 96-107.
37
[38] Saaty, T. L. (2008). Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. International journal of services sciences, 1(1), 83-98.
38
[39] Mahini, A. S., Gholamalifard, M. (2006). Siting MSW landfills with a weighted linear combination methodology in a GIS environment. International journal of environmental science and technology, 3(4), 435-445.
39
[40] Abdoli MA. (1993) Municipal solid waste management system and its control methods. Metropolitan recycling organization publication, 142-154.
40
[41] Jacobson, G., Evans, W. R. (1981). Geological factors in the development of sanitary landfill sites in the Australian Capital Territory. BMR journal of Australian geology geophysics, 6, 31-41.
41
[42] Knight, M. J., Leonard, J. G., Whiteley, R. J. (1978). Lucas heights solid waste landfill and downstream leachate transport—a case study in environmental geology. Bulletin of the international association of engineering geology-bulletin de l'association internationale de géologie de l'ingénieur,18(1), 45-64.
42
[43] Soupios, P., Papadopoulos, N., Papadopoulos, I., Kouli, M., Vallianatos, F., Sarris, A., Manios, T. (2007). Application of integrated methods in mapping waste disposal areas. Environmental geology, 53, 661-675.
43
[44] Bagchi, A. (1994) Design, Construction and Monitoring of Landfills. 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
44
[45] Daneshvar, R. (2004). Customizing arcmap interface to generate a user-friendly landfill site selection GIS tool (Doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa (Canada)).
45
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A mathematical multi-objective model for treatment network design (physical-biological-thermal) using modified NSGA II
Today, sustainable development is one of the important issues in regard to the economy of a country. This issue magnifies the necessity for increased scrutiny towards issues such as environmental considerations and product recovery in closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs). The most important motivational factors influencing research on these topics can be considered in two general groups: environment-friendly legal requirements and cost efficiencies. The most important elements in the closed-loop supply chain include collection centers and treatment centers. This paper intended to design a network according to the mentioned principles. In this regard, three types of product treatment centers were taken into account: physical, biological, and thermal. The network design was made via a new mixed multi-objective nonlinear mathematical model of integers. In this model, three objective functions were considered that included profit maximization, pollution minimization, and the minimization of the number of facilities under construction. The model was obtained after determining the number of collection and treatment centers, the number of containers for storage of different waste materials, the amount of waste sent from collection centers to the treatment centers, and the areas covered by collection centers. Due to the conflicting objective functions, a corrected NSGAII algorithm was used to solve this model. The change applied in the mentioned algorithm was made to determine the appropriate amount of the crossover percentage. The improvement in the performance of the proposed solution algorithm is shown using a numerical example. To prove the improved performance, a T-test was used to compare the means between the two populations. To select the optimum answer from the Pareto solution set, indices of D, S, and solution time were used and solved with TOPSIS.
https://aet.irost.ir/article_493_74e6fb57cf3656c54816e5fcdfd5f517.pdf
2017-01-01
27
43
10.22104/aet.2017.493
network design
collection center
treatment center
modified NSGAII
Masoud
Seidi
m.seidi@ilam.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Engineering, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mehdi
Karimirad
mehdi.karimirad@ut.ac.ir
2
University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Saeed
Sadeghi
saeedsadeghi800@gmail.com
3
Department of Industrial Engineering, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Ramezani, M., Bashiri, M., Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R. (2013). A new multi-objective stochastic model for a forward/reverse logistic network design with responsiveness and quality level. Applied mathematical modelling, 37(1), 328-344.
1
[2] Govindan, K., Soleimani, H., Kannan, D. (2015). Reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chain: A comprehensive review to explore the future. European journal of operational research, 240(3), 603-626.
2
[3] Zeballos, L. J., Méndez, C. A., Barbosa-Povoa, A. P., Novais, A. Q. (2014). Multi-period design and planning of closed-loop supply chains with uncertain supply and demand. Computers and chemical engineering, 66, 151-164.
3
[4] Hatefi, S. M., Jolai, F. (2014). Robust and reliable forward–reverse logistics network design under demand uncertainty and facility disruptions. Applied mathematical modelling, 38(9), 2630-2647.
4
[5] Validi, S., Bhattacharya, A., Byrne, P.J. (2012). Greening the Irish food market supply chain through minimal carbon emission: an integrated multi-objective location-routing approach. In: Proceedings of the 10th international conference on manufacturing research, Aston University, UK, pp. 805-810.
5
[6] Subramanian, P., Ramkumar, N., Narendran, T. T., Ganesh, K. (2013). PRISM: Priority based Simulated annealing for a closed loop supply chain network design problem. Applied soft computing, 13(2), 1121-1135.
6
[7] Soleimani, H., Seyyed-Esfahani, M., & Shirazi, M. A. (2013). Designing and planning a multi-echelon multi-period multi-product closed-loop supply chain utilizing genetic algorithm. The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology, 68(1-4), 917-931.
7
[8] Pazhani, S., Ramkumar, N., Narendran, T. T., Ganesh, K. (2013). A bi-objective network design model for multi-period, multi-product closed-loop supply chain. Journal of industrial and production engineering, 30(4), 264-280.
8
[9] Fallah-Tafti, A. L., Sahraeian, R., Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R., Moeinipour, M. (2014). An interactive possibilistic programming approach for a multi-objective closed-loop supply chain network under uncertainty. International journal of systems science, 45(3), 283-299.
9
[10] Validi, S., Bhattacharya, A., Byrne, P. J. (2014). Integrated low-carbon distribution system for the demand side of a product distribution supply chain: a DoE-guided MOPSO optimizer-based solution approach. International journal of production research, 52(10), 3074-3096.
10
[11] Validi, S., Bhattacharya, A., Byrne, P. J. (2014). A case analysis of a sustainable food supply chain distribution system—A multi-objective approach. International journal of production economics, 152, 71-87.
11
[12] Garg, K., Jain, A., Jha, P. C. (2014). Designing a closed-Loop Logistic Network in Supply Chain by Reducing its unfriendly consequences on environment. In Proceedings of the second international conference on soft computing for problem solving (SocProS 2012), December 28-30, 2012 (pp. 1483-1498). Springer India.
12
[13] Validi, S., Bhattacharya, A., Byrne, P. J. (2015). A solution method for a two-layer sustainable supply chain distribution model. Computers and operations research, 54, 204-217.
13
[14] Keshtzari, M., Naderi, B., Mehdizadeh, E. (2016). An improved mathematical model and a hybrid metaheuristic for truck scheduling in cross-dock problems. Computers and industrial engineering, 91, 197-204.
14
[15] Lin, C., Choy, K. L., Ho, G. T., Chung, S. H., Lam, H. Y. (2014). Survey of green vehicle routing problem: past and future trends. Expert Systems with applications, 41(4), 1118-1138.
15
[16] Luque-Almagro, V. M., Moreno-Vivián, C., Roldán, M. D. (2016). Biodegradation of cyanide wastes from mining and jewellery industries. Current opinion in biotechnology, 38, 9-13.
16
[17] Panicker, V. V., Vanga, R., Sridharan, R. (2013). Ant colony optimisation algorithm for distribution-allocation problem in a two-stage supply chain with a fixed transportation charge. International journal of production research, 51(3), 698-717.
17
[18] Hasani, A., Zegordi, S. H., Nikbakhsh, E. (2015). Robust closed-loop global supply chain network design under uncertainty: the case of the medical device industry. International journal of production research, 53(5), 1596-1624.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of chemical regeneration procedures of spent activated carbon
The chemical regeneration of granular activated carbon exhausted in a petrochemical wastewater unit was investigated. Gas chromatography and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated that spent activated carbon carries large types of organic and inorganic materials. Diverse chemical solvents were adopted in comparison with traditional chemical solvents and regeneration efficiency was investigated for each approach. The optimum procedure and optimum condition including temperature, concentration of solvent, and time were determined. The regenerated activated carbon was used in the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) in order to find its regeneration efficiency. The regeneration efficiency can be identified by comparing of amount of MB absorbed by the fresh and regenerated activated carbon. The best acidic regenerator was hydrofluoric acid. The higher the temperature causes the faster desorption rate and consequently, the higher regeneration efficiency. The regeneration efficiency increased by means of an increase in the time of regeneration and solvent concentration, but there was an optimum time and solvent concentration for regeneration. The optimum temperature, solvent concentration and regeneration time obtained was 80 ⁰C, 3 molar and 3 hours, respectively.
https://aet.irost.ir/article_504_f9cc560f8aada45eac709cd559677df4.pdf
2017-01-01
45
51
10.22104/aet.2017.504
activated carbon
Chemical regenerator
Hydrofluoric acid
regeneration
waste water
Naser
Ghasemzadeh
naserghasemzadeh@yahoo.com
1
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Ghadiri
m.ghadiri@uut.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alireza
Behroozsarand
alireza.behroozsarand@gmail.com
3
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] Gupta, V. K., Nayak, A., Agarwal, S., Tyagi, I. (2014). Potential of activated carbon from waste rubber tire for the adsorption of phenolics: Effect of pre-treatment conditions. Journal of colloid and interface science, 417, 420-430.
1
[2] Anisuzzaman, S. M., Bono, A., Krishnaiah, D., & Tan, Y. Z. (2016). A study on dynamic simulation of phenol adsorption in activated carbon packed bed column. Journal of King Saud university-engineering sciences, 28(1), 47-55.
2
[3] Sotelo, J. L., Ovejero, G., Rodríguez, A., Álvarez, S., Galán, J., García, J. (2014). Competitive adsorption studies of caffeine and diclofenac aqueous solutions by activated carbon. Chemical engineering journal, 240, 443-453.
3
[4] Yang, J., Yu, M., Chen, W. (2015). Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from longan seed: Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics. Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, 21, 414-422.
4
[5] Zare, K., Gupta, V. K., Moradi, O., Makhlouf, A. S. H., Sillanpää, M., Nadagouda, M. N., Tyagi, I. (2015). A comparative study on the basis of adsorption capacity between CNTs and activated carbon as adsorbents for removal of noxious synthetic dyes: a review. Journal of nanostructure in chemistry, 5(2), 227-236.
5
[6] Imamoglu, M., Tekir, O. (2008). Removal of copper (II) and lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption on activated carbon from a new precursor hazelnut husks. Desalination, 228(1-3), 108-113.
6
[7] Sharma, Y. C., Upadhyay, S. N. (2009). Removal of a cationic dye from wastewaters by adsorption on activated carbon developed from coconut coir. Energy and fuels, 23(6), 2983-2988.
7
[8] Pezoti, O., Cazetta, A. L., Souza, I. P., Bedin, K. C., Martins, A. C., Silva, T. L., Almeida, V. C. (2014). Adsorption studies of methylene blue onto ZnCl 2-activated carbon produced from buriti shells (Mauritia flexuosa L.). Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, 20(6), 4401-4407.
8
[9] Leimkuehler, E. P. (2010). Production, characterization, and applications of activated carbon (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia).
9
[10] Xin-hui, D., Srinivasakannan, C., Jin-sheng, L. (2014). Process optimization of thermal regeneration of spent coal based activated carbon using steam and application to methylene blue dye adsorption. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of chemical engineers, 45(4), 1618-1627.
10
[11] Charinpanitkul, T., Tanthapanichakoon, W. (2011). Regeneration of activated carbons saturated with pyridine or phenol using supercritical water oxidation method enhanced with hydrogen peroxide. Journal of Industrial and engineering chemistry, 17(3), 570-574.
11
[12] Lim, J. L., Okada, M. (2005). Regeneration of granular activated carbon using ultrasound. Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 12(4), 277-282.
12
[13] Foo, K. Y., Hameed, B. H. (2012). A cost effective method for regeneration of durian shell and jackfruit peel activated carbons by microwave irradiation. Chemical engineering journal, 193, 404-409.
13
[14] Sun, K., Jiang, J. C., Jun-ming, X. (2009). Chemical regeneration of exhausted granular activated carbon used in citric acid fermentation solution decoloration. Iranian journal of chemistry and chemical engineering (IJCCE), 28(4), 79-83.
14
[15] Li, Q., Qi, Y., Gao, C. (2015). Chemical regeneration of spent powdered activated carbon used in decolorization of sodium salicylate for the pharmaceutical industry. Journal of cleaner production, 86, 424-431.
15
[16] Cabrera-Codony, A., Gonzalez-Olmos, R., Martín, M. J. (2015). Regeneration of siloxane-exhausted activated carbon by advanced oxidation processes. Journal of hazardous materials, 285, 501-508.
16
[17] Guo, D., Shi, Q., He, B., Yuan, X. (2011). Different solvents for the regeneration of the exhausted activated carbon used in the treatment of coking wastewater. Journal of hazardous materials, 186(2), 1788-1793.
17
[18] Nahm, S. W., Shim, W. G., Park, Y. K., & Kim, S. C. (2012). Thermal and chemical regeneration of spent activated carbon and its adsorption property for toluene. Chemical engineering journal, 210, 500-509.
18
[19] Tanthapanichakoon, W., Ariyadejwanich, P., Japthong, P., Nakagawa, K., Mukai, S. R., Tamon, H. (2005). Adsorption–desorption characteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueous solution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from waste tires. Water research, 39(7), 1347-1353.
19
[20] El-Naas, M. H., Al-Zuhair, S., Alhaija, M. A. (2010). Removal of phenol from petroleum refinery wastewater through adsorption on date-pit activated carbon. Chemical engineering journal, 162(3), 997-1005.
20
[21] Do, M. H., Phan, N. H., Nguyen, T. D., Pham, T. T. S., Nguyen, V. K., Vu, T. T. T., Nguyen, T. K. P. (2011). Activated carbon/Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle composite: fabrication, methyl orange removal and regeneration by hydrogen peroxide. Chemosphere, 85(8), 1269-1276.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Methanol synthesis catalyst manufacturing using the green solid-state method
In this research study, methanol synthesis catalysts were manufactured with various mole ratios of metal carbonates (zinc, copper and aluminum carbonate) and ammonium hydrogen carbonate via a green solid-state method that employed a ball mill apparatus. Some parameters for the catalyst preparation, such as Al mole percent, Cu/Zn mole ratio, rotations milling speeds and aging time, were optimized to obtain the maximum catalyst activity. The prepared catalysts were compared with the best quality industrial catalyst under the same temperature and pressure condition in a titanium tabular fixed bed reactor. This novel method has many advantages in comparison to the conventional method. The main advantage of the solid-state method is that the methanol synthesis catalyst can be produced without using solvent. Furthermore, this new method reduces operating costs due to the elimination of the filtration and washing steps. Methanol synthesis catalytic activity was maximized at an optimized mole ratio of Cu/Zn of 1.9234 and an Al mole percent of 8 at the maximum grinding speed (450 rpm) during an aging time of 30 min, which showed higher activity (240 gCH3OH/kg cat.h) in comparison with an industrial catalyst sample (218 gCH3OH/kg cat.h). The production of a green catalyst, which requires less water and results in higher catalyst activity, can be widely used for methanol synthesis catalytic applications.
https://aet.irost.ir/article_489_98d6008ba9d08f7970434e978fb8d19c.pdf
2017-01-01
53
58
10.22104/aet.2017.489
Solid-State method
Ball mill
Methanol
Green catalyst
environmental-friendly
Neda
Mirhosseini
n.mir89@yahoo.com
1
Chemical Engineering Department,Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad reza
Mirani
mirani.kut41@yahoo.com
2
Chemical Engineering Department, faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Aarak, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
reza
davarnejad
reza_davarnejad@yahoo.com.ph
3
Chemical Engineering Department, faculty of engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran
AUTHOR
marzie
hamidzade
hamidzade@nipc.ir
4
Catalyst Research Group Petrochemical Research & Technology Company NPC-RT,Tehran ,iran
AUTHOR
abbas
taeb
taeb@iust.ac.ir
5
Chemical Engineering Department, faculty of engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] Behrens, M., Studt, F., Kasatkin, I., Kühl, S., Hävecker, M., Abild-Pedersen, F., Tovar, M. (2012). The active site of methanol synthesis over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 industrial catalysts. Science, 336, 893-897.
1
[2] Catino, S. C., Farris, E. (1985). Concise encyclopedia of chemical technology. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
2
[3] Simpson, A. P., Lutz, A. E. (2007). Exergy analysis of hydrogen production via steam methane reforming. International journal of hydrogen energy, 32(18), 4811-4820.
3
[4] Koempel, H., Liebner, W. (2007). Lurgi's Methanol To Propylene (MTP®) Report on a successful commercialization. Studies in surface science and catalysis, 167, 261-267.
4
[5] Huber, F., Venvik, H., Rønning, M., Walmsley, J., Holmen, A. (2008). Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline, high-surface area Cu Ce Zr mixed oxide catalysts from homogeneous co-precipitation. Chemical engineering journal, 137(3), 686-702.
5
[6] Lekhal, A., Glasser, B. J., Khinast, J. G. (2001). Impact of drying on the catalyst profile in supported impregnation catalysts. Chemical engineering science, 56(15), 4473-4487.
6
[7] Bao, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Tsubaki, N. (2008). Preparation of mesoporous Cu/ZnO catalyst and its application in low-temperature methanol synthesis. Catalysis communications, 9(5), 913-918.
7
[8] Shi, L., Tan, Y. S., Tsubaki, N. (2012). A solid‐state combustion method towards Metallic Cu–ZnO catalyst without further reduction and its application to low‐temperature Methanol synthesis. ChemCatChem catalysis, 4(6), 863-871.
8
[9] Casey, T., Chapman, G., 1974. Low temperature methanol synthesis catalyst, US Patent 3 790 505.
9
[10] Ladebeck, J., Koy, J., Regula, T., 2010. Cu/Zn/Al catalyst for methanol synthesis. US Patent 7 754 651.
10
[11] Schoenthal, Galeon W., and Lynn H. Slaugh., 1986. Methanol synthesis catalyst, U.S. Patent 4 565 803.
11
[12] Schneider, M., Kochloefl, K., Ladebeck, J., 1985. Catalyst for methanol synthesis and method of preparing the catalyst, US Patent 4 535 071.
12
[13] Dienes, E. K., Coleman, R. L., Hausberger, A. L., 1981. Catalyst for the synthesis of methanol, US Patent 4 279 781.
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[14] Sun, Y., Sermon, P. A. (1993). Carbon monoxide hydrogenation over ZrO2 and Cu/ZrO2. Journal of the chemical society, chemical communications, (16), 1242-1244.
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[15] Nitta, Y., Suwata, O., Ikeda, Y., Okamoto, Y., manaka, T. (1994). Copper-zirconia catalysts for methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide: Effect of ZnO addition to Cu-ZrO2 catalysts. Catalysis letters, 26(3), 345-354.
15
[16] Mierczynski, P., Kaczorowski, P., Ura, A., Maniukiewicz, W., Zaborowski, M., Ciesielski, R., Maniecki, T. P. (2014). Promoted ternary CuO-ZrO2-Al2O3 catalysts for methanol synthesis. Central european journal of chemistry, 12(2), 206-212.
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[17] Lachowska, M., Skrzypek, J. (2004). Methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide and hydrogen over Mn-promoted Copper/Zinc/Zirconia catalysts. Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters, 83(2), 269-273.
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[18] Chen, H., Yin, A., Guo, X., Dai, W. L., Fan, K. N. (2009). Sodium hydroxide–Sodium Oxalate-assisted co-precipitation of highly active and stable Cu/ZrO2 catalyst in the partial oxidation of Methanol to Hydrogen. Catalysis letters, 131(3-4), 632-642.
18
[19] Gao, P., Xie, R., Wang, H., Zhong, L., Xia, L., Zhang, Z., Sun, Y. (2015). Cu/Zn/Al/Zr catalysts via phase-pure hydrotalcite-like compounds for methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide. Journal of CO2 utilization, 11, 41-48.
19
[20] Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, S. (2012). Effect of promoter SiO2, TiO2 or SiO2-TiO2 on the performance of CuO-ZnO-Al2O3 catalyst for methanol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation. Applied catalysis A: General, 415, 118-123.
20
[21] Tang, X. B., Noritatsu, T., Xie, H. J., Han, Y. Z., Tan, Y. S. (2014). Effect of modifiers on the performance of Cu-ZnO-based catalysts for low-temperature methanol synthesis. Journal of fuel chemistry and technology, 42(6), 704-709.
21
[22] Słoczyński, J., Grabowski, R., Olszewski, P., Kozłowska, A., Stoch, J., Lachowska, M., Skrzypek, J. (2006). Effect of metal oxide additives on the activity and stability of Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalysts in the synthesis of methanol from CO2 and H2. Applied catalysis A: General, 310, 127-137.
22
[23] Słoczyński, J., Grabowski, R., Kozłowska, A., Olszewski, P., Lachowska, M., Skrzypek, J., Stoch, J. (2003). Effect of Mg and Mn oxide additions on structural and adsorptive properties of Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalysts for the methanol synthesis from CO2. Applied catalysis A: General, 249(1), 129-138.
23
[24] Yang, C., Ma, Z., Zhao, N., Wei, W., Hu, T., Sun, Y. (2006). Methanol synthesis from CO2-rich syngas over a ZrO2 doped CuZnO catalyst. Catalysis today, 115(1), 222-227.
24
[25] Poels, E. K., Brands, D. S. (2000). Modification of Cu/ZnO/SiO2 catalysts by high temperature reduction. Applied catalysis A: General, 191(1), 83-96.
25
[26] Meshkini, F., Taghizadeh, M., Bahmani, M. (2010). Investigating the effect of metal oxide additives on the properties of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts in methanol synthesis from syngas using factorial experimental design. Fuel, 89(1), 170-175.
26
[27] Park, Colin William, et al., 2015. Methanol synthesis process. US Patent 8 957 117.
27
[28] Matsumura, Y., & Shen, W. J., 2002. Catalyst for the synthesis of methanol and a method for the synthesis of methanol, US Patent 6 342 538.
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[29] Takeuchi, M., Mabuse, H., Watanabe, T., Umeno, M., Matsuda, T., Mori, K., 2000. Copper-based catalyst and method for production thereof, US Patent 6 048 820.
29
[30] Fukui, H., Kobayashi, M., Yamaguchi, T., Arakawa, H., Okabe, K., Sayama, K., & Kusama, H., 2000. Catalyst for methanol synthesis and reforming, US Patent 6 114 279.
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[32] Fang, D., Liu, Z., Meng, S., Wang, L., Xu, L., Wang, H. (2005). Influence of aging time on the properties of precursors of CuO/ZnO catalysts for methanol synthesis. Journal of natural gas chemistry, 14(2), 107-114.
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Chitosan supported bimetallic Pd/Co nanoparticles as a heterogeneous catalyst for the reduction of nitroaromatics to amines
A new bimetallic nanocomposite of chitosan was prepared. Pd and Co nanoparticles were deposited on chitosan to produce a new heterogeneous recyclable catalyst for use in the bimetallic catalytic reduction reaction. The catalyst was characterized with common analysis methods for nanocomposites including Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction pattern, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy, and applied in the reduction reaction of nitroaromatics using NaBH4 at room temperature. The bimetallic system gave good results compared to each of the applied metals. Various aromatic amines and diamines were used in the reduction reaction. The aromatic amines were obtained as the sole product of the reduction reaction with 15 mol% Pd and 12 mol% Co during 2h. This reaction had some advantages such as mild reaction conditions, high yield, green solvent, and a recyclable catalyst. Also, the recovered catalyst was applicable in the reduction reaction without a significant decrease in the activity for up to six times.
https://aet.irost.ir/article_501_aa1e37a9f0042fa347795c0adf946fe6.pdf
2017-01-01
59
65
10.22104/aet.2017.501
Reduction
nitroaromatics
Chitosan
heterogeneous catalyst
bimetallic
Sajjad
Keshipour
s.keshipour@urmia.ac.ir
1
Department of Nanochemistry, Nanotechnology Research Centre, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyyedeh Sahra
Mirmasoudi
mirmasoudisahra.sm@gmail.com
2
Department of Nanochemistry, Nanotechnology Research Centre, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Chandrappa, S., Vinaya, K., Ramakrishnappa, T.,Rangappa, K. S. (2010). An efficient method for aryl nitro reduction and cleavage of azo compounds using iron powder/calcium chloride. Synlett, 2010(20), 3019-3022.
1
[2] Kelly, S. M., Lipshutz, B. H. (2013). Chemoselectivereductions of nitroaromatics in water at room temperature.Organic letters, 16(1), 98-101.
2
[3] Wienhöfer, G., Sorribes, I., Boddien, A., Westerhaus, F., Junge, K., Junge, H., Beller, M. (2011). General and selective iron-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes without base Journal of the American chemical society, 133(32), 12875-12879.
3
[4] Yuste, F., Saldaña, M., Walls, F. (1982). Selective reduction of aromatic nitro compounds containing Oand
4
N-benzyl groups with hydrazine and raney nickel. Tetrahedron letters, 23(2), 147-148.
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nitro compounds using ammonium formate as a catalytic hydrogen transfer agent. Tetrahedron letters, 25(32), 3415-3418.
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[6] Di Gioia, M. L., Leggio, A., Le Pera, A., Liguori, A., Napoli, A., Perri, F., Siciliano, C. (2005). Determination by gas
8
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[10] Gowda, S., Abiraj, K., Gowda, D. C. (2002). Reductive cleavage of azo compounds catalyzed by commercial
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zinc dust using ammonium formate or formic acid. Tetrahedron letters, 43(7), 1329-1331.
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[11] Kumará Verma, P. (2012). Zinc phthalocyanine with PEG-400 as a recyclable catalytic system for selective reduction of aromatic nitro compounds. Green chemistry, 14(8), 2289-2293.
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[12] Sharma, U., Kumar, P., Kumar, N., Kumar, V., Singh, B. (2010). Highly chemo‐and regioselective reduction of
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aromatic Nitro compounds catalyzed by recyclable S. Keshipour et al. Copper (II) as well as Cobalt (II) phthalocyanines. Advanced synthesis and catalysis, 352(11‐12), 1834-1840.
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[17] Corma, A., Serna, P., Concepción, P., Calvino, J. J. (2008). Transforming nonselective into chemoselective metal catalysts for the hydrogenation of substituted nitroaromatics. Journal of the American chemical society, 130(27), 8748-8753.
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[18] Blaser, H. U., Steiner, H., Studer, M. (2009). Selective catalytic hydrogenation of functionalized nitroarenes: an update. ChemCatChem, 1(2), 210-221
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[23] Guo, F., Ni, Y., Ma, Y., Xiang, N., Liu, C. (2014). Flowerlike Bi 2 S 3 microspheres: facile synthesis and application in the catalytic reduction of 4-nitroaniline. New journal of chemistry, 38(11), 5324-5330.
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[27] Thatte, C. S., Rathnam, M. V., Pise, A. C. (2014). Chitosan-based Schiff base-metal complexes (Mn, Cu, Co) as heterogeneous, new catalysts for the β-isophorone oxidation. Journal of chemical sciences, 126(3), 727-737.
32
[28] Shaabani, A., Boroujeni, M. B., Sangachin, M. H. (2015). Cobalt-chitosan: Magnetic and biodegradable heterogeneous catalyst for selective aerobic oxidation of alkyl arenes and alcohols. Journal of chemical sciences, 127(11), 1927-1935.
33
[29] Keshipour, S., Shojaei, S., Shaabani, A. (2013). Palladium nano-particles supported on ethylenediamine-functionalized cellulose as a novel and efficient catalyst for the Heck and Sonogashira couplings in water. Cellulose, 20(2), 973-980.
34
[30] Shaabani, A., Keshipour, S., Hamidzad, M., Seyyedhamzeh, M. (2014). Cobalt (II) supported on ethylenediamine-functionalized nanocellulose as an efficient catalyst for room temperature aerobic oxidation of alcohols. Journal of chemical sciences, 126(1), 111-115.
35
[31] Keshipour, S., Shaabani, A. (2014). Copper (I) and palladium nanoparticles supported on ethylenediamine‐functionalized cellulose as an efficient catalyst for the 1, 3‐dipolar cycloaddition/direct arylation sequence. Applied organometallic chemistry, 2(28), 116-119.
36
[32] Keshipour, S., KalamKhalteh, N. (2016). Oxidation of ethylbenzene to styrene oxide in the presence of cellulose‐supported Pd magnetic nanoparticles. Applied organometallic chemistry, 30(8), 653-656.
37
[33] Shaabani, A., Keshipour, S., Hamidzad, M., Shaabani, S. (2014). Cobalt (II) phthalocyanine covalently anchored to cellulose as a recoverable and efficient catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of alkyl arenes and alcohols. Journal of molecular catalysis A: Chemical, 395, 494-499.
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[34] Keshipour, S., Adak, K. (2016). Pd (0) supported on N-doped graphene quantum dot modified cellulose as an efficient catalyst for the green reduction of nitroaromatics. RSC advances, 6(92), 89407-89412.
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[35] El-Hout, S. I., El-Sheikh, S. M., Hassan, H. M., Harraz, F. A., Ibrahim, I. A., El-Sharkawy, E. A. (2015). A green chemical route for synthesis of graphene supported palladium nanoparticles: A highly active and recyclable catalyst for reduction of nitrobenzene. Applied catalysis A: General, 503, 176-185.
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[36] Piña, S., Cedillo, D. M., Tamez, C., Izquierdo, N., Parsons, J. G., Gutierrez, J. J. (2014). Reduction of nitrobenzene derivatives using sodium borohydride and transition metal sulfides. Tetrahedron letters, 55(40), 5468-5470.
41
[37] Pogorelić, I., Filipan-Litvić, M., Merkaš, S., Ljubić, G., Cepanec, I., Litvić, M. (2007). Rapid, efficient and selective reduction of aromatic nitro compounds with sodium borohydride and Raney nickel. Journal of molecular catalysis A: Chemical, 274(1), 202-207.
42
[38] Setamdideh, D., Khezri, B., Mollapour, M. (2011). Convenient reduction of nitro compounds to their corresponding Amines with promotion of NaBH4/Ni(OAc)2.4H2O system in wet CH3CN. Oriental journal of chemistry, 27(3), 991-996.
43